Effects of Cr 2 O 3 Activating Flux on the Plasma Plume in Pulsed Laser Welding
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CURRENTLY, many studies about activating flux welding have been made to increase the penetration depth of the welding. The welding pool shape can be changed by activating flux, which is pre-placed on the surface of the weldment. By this means, not only penetration depth but also efficiency of welding can be improved. So, many researchers have applied activating flux in arc welding. Huang[1] investigated the effect of activating flux (single component of Fe2O3, SiO2, and MgCO3, respectively) aided gas metal arc welding on weld bead geometry, angular distortion, and mechanical properties. The results showed that activating flux increased the weld area and penetration and tended to reduce the angular distortion of the weldment. Tseng[2] investigated the influence of oxide-based activating flux (mixtures of SiO2, TiO2, Cr2O3, MoO3, NiF2, and MoS2) and carrier solvent composition on the weld quality in gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). The results indicated the effects of current levels and coating density of flux powder on the appearance, geometric shape, angular distortion, and ferrite content of weld seams. Kamal et al.[3] investigated the effect of oxide-activating fluxes (single component of CaO, Fe2O3, TiO2, ZnO, MnO2, and Cr2O3, LUO YI, Professor, and DU YUNFEI, XIE XIAOJIAN, WAN RUI, ZHU LIANG, and HAN JINGTAO, Graduate Students, are with the School of Material Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, P.R. China, and also with the Chongqing Municipal Engineering Research Center of Institutions of Higher Education for Special Welding Materials and Technology, Chongqing 400054, P.R. China. Contact e-mail: luoyi@ cqut.edu.cn Manuscript submitted February 11, 2016. Article published online August 23, 2016 5450—VOLUME 47A, NOVEMBER 2016
respectively) on weld morphology of P91 steel in GTAW. The results indicated that the increase in penetration was significant with the use of activating flux. Venkatesan et al.[4] designed experimental trials for the use of ternary fluxes (mixtures of SiO2, TiO2, and Cr2O3) in GTAW. From the obtained results on bead geometry, an optimum combination of activating fluxes for maximum penetration was estimated. Some researchers have applied activating flux in laser beam welding (LBW). Qin et al.[5] investigated the effect of activating flux (fluoride included LiF, CaF, NaF, Na3AlF6, and KCl, and oxide included TiO2 and Ni2O3) on the CO2 laser welding process. The results showed that the activating flux can effectively improve the absorption of CO2 laser energy and increase the amount of the melted base metal. Sun et al.[6] studied the behavior of Nd: YAG laser welding with oxide activating fluxes. The results indicated that the main mechanism for the increases in penetration was that the flux coat absorbed more laser energy during the early period of laser action. Kaul et al.[7] studied the effect of SiO2 activating flux on the plasma plume, microstructure, and mechanical properties of the resultant weldments. The results showed that the activating flux significantly modified the sh
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