Effects of Ecological Gradients on Tropical Avian Hemoparasites
This chapter provides a brief overview of how natural gradients (e.g., latitude, altitude, and landscape gradients) affect host–parasite interactions involving blood parasites in wildlife and how biotic and abiotic factors act as disruptors. These gradien
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vian Malaria and Related Parasites in the Tropics Ecology, Evolution and Systematics
Avian Malaria and Related Parasites in the Tropics
Diego Santiago-Alarcon • Alfonso Marzal Editors
Avian Malaria and Related Parasites in the Tropics Ecology, Evolution and Systematics
Editors Diego Santiago-Alarcon Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados Instituto de Ecología, A.C. - CONACYT Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
Alfonso Marzal Department of Anatomy, Cellular Biology and Zoology University of Extremadura Badajoz, Badajoz, Spain
ISBN 978-3-030-51632-1 ISBN 978-3-030-51633-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51633-8 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
To my lovely wife Ana Marina who has taught me empathy and that living is enjoying the small everyday gifts that nature gives us for free. To my parents, Francisco Javier and María del Carmen, who taught me the value of education, hard work, and dedication. To Tuza, Oso, Chispa, and Goddi. Diego Santiago-Alarcon To my dear wife Rocío, for being my unconditional partner. You are and always will be my support and happiness. You are my little gift every day. To our children Rosario and Alfonso, for filling us with love and joyfulness. To my parents, Alfonso and María del Carmen, for teaching me the value of education and hard work. Alfonso Marzal
Foreword
The tropics and temperate climates differ considerably in the mean and the variance in temperature, precipitation, and wind. While certain areas vary considerably in climate over the years, others show clear patterns of consistency with effects on life history of the numerous organisms that inhabit these areas. In particular, richn
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