Effects of Mirror Therapy on Motor Imagery Elicited ERD/S: An EEG Study on Healthy Subjects
The human central nervous system integrates different sensory modalities with the visual information to produce a coherent mental representation of our own body, making us capable not only to process sensory events but also to plan and executes movements
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partment of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Fleming 22, 34127 Trieste, Italy 2 Science and Research Centre, Garibaldijeva 1, 6000 Koper, Slovenia 3 Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via A. Valerio 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy [email protected] 4 Fondazione Ospedale San Camillo IRCCS, Via Alberoni 70, 30126 Venice, Italy
Abstract. The human central nervous system integrates different sensory modalities with the visual information to produce a coherent mental representation of our own body, making us capable not only to process sensory events but also to plan and executes movements in the surrounding space. The basis of Mirror Therapy (MT) is the use of a mirror to create a visual reflection of an affected limb to create an illusion of movement of the paretic part of the limb. One of the uses of the MT is in motor recovery in post-stroke hemiparesis and even thought that it is valuable rehabilitation tool, its underlying neurophysiological manifestations and interaction with Motor Imagery (MI) are still unknown. Our study aim is to assess the effect of the MT by applying Forearm Bisection Test (FBT) and EEG measurement of the Event-related (de)synchronisation (ERD/S). Our results show that FBT scores were significantly higher in experimental Mirror Box (MB) group compared to control (CN) group (median 13.54 vs 0.00, respectively; p = 0.003). Furthermore, DERD/S (postpre) differed significantly between the hemispheres in the MB group in the Mu, betalow and betahigh EEG bands, whilst did not differ in the CN group in the Mu and betalow bands. The results demonstrate improvement in ERD/S MI and an update of the body representation caused by MT. Moreover, findings suggest that the reflection of the moving hand in the mirror created an illusion of concomitant movement in the opposite hand that modulate the arm length representation which is detectable even during MI at EEG level. Our findings of neural basis and link of the MT and MI supports MT as favourable neurorehabilitation tool for motor recovery affecting not only the areas governing the moving hand but also the corresponding regions of the other hemisphere. Keywords: Mirror therapy Motor imagery Biomedical signal processing
Motor representation EEG
J. Jarmolowska and A. Miladinović—Equally contributed to this work. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 T. Jarm et al. (Eds.): EMBEC 2020, IFMBE Proceedings 80, pp. 449–461, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64610-3_51
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J. Jarmolowska et al.
1 Introduction It is known that Mirror Therapy (MT) is an appreciated non-invasive method for enhancing motor recovery in post-stroke hemiparesis [1–3]. In MT, a patient performs movements of an unaffected body part, usually a hand, in front of a mirror-box while hiding the affected part. In such a paradigm, the mirror reflects an inverted image in its right-left orientation. Under such circumstances, a visual illusion is induced according to which it is the paretic part which moves. This is used to improve
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