Effects of Temperature, Solution pH, and Ball-Milling Modification on the Adsorption of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory
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Effects of Temperature, Solution pH, and Ball‑Milling Modification on the Adsorption of Non‑steroidal Anti‑inflammatory Drugs onto Biochar Ran Luo1 · Xiaohui Li2 · Hongxia Xu1 · Yuanyuan Sun1 · Jichun Wu1 Received: 12 June 2020 / Accepted: 19 July 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This study explored the adsorption of representative non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), acetaminophen (AP), ibuprofen (IB), and salicylic acid (SA) by biochars. The sorption kinetics were fitted with six commonly used kinetic models, and the isotherm data was well described by both Langmuir and Freundlich models. Biochars of longer pyrolysis time showed better performance with the Langmuir maximum sorption capacities for AP, IB, and SA of 196 mg/g, 132 mg/g, and 48.8 mg/g, respectively. Variation in temperature hardly affected the adsorption performances, while the influence of pH exhibited pronounced dependency on physicochemical properties of both NSAIDs and biochars. Eighteen ball-milled (BM) biochars were then produced under different ball-milling conditions and examined for NSAIDs removal. Compared with unmilled biochars, BM-biochars produced under optimum conditions showed higher removal efficiencies. Electrostatic interaction and pore width of biochars greatly affected the NSAIDs adsorption onto biochars. Keywords Biochar · Ball mill · Acetaminophen · Ibuprofen · Salicylic acid As one of the most heavily prescribed Pharmaceuticals (PCs), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and their metabolites have been widely detected in municipal wastewater and water systems (Rodriguez-Alvarez et al. 2013; Jung et al. 2015), attracting increasing public awareness due to their toxic effect on environment and human health (Maldonado-Torres et al. 2018; Madan and Levitt 2014). Acetaminophen (AP) and ibuprofen (IB) are two kinds of NSAIDs with abundant consumption, and have frequently been found in water at concentration levels ranging from several ng/L to mg/L (Wang et al. 2014; Pereira et al. 2020). As an important metabolite of NSAIDs Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-020-02948-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Hongxia Xu [email protected] 1
Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
2
acetylsalicylate, salicylic acid (SA) is also widely used in cosmetic and food industries, and its concentration in industrial effluent could reach a relatively high value of 54 μg/L (Bui and Choi 2010). Therefore, efficient methods to remove NSAIDs from water environment are in urgent need. Various methods are currently available for the treatment of PCs contaminated water and wastewater, such as oxidation, membrane purification, adsorption and biological process. Among t
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