Effects of temporal dynamics on perceived authenticity of smiles
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Effects of temporal dynamics on perceived authenticity of smiles David Horic-Asselin 1 & Patricia Brosseau-Liard 1 & Pierre Gosselin 1 & Charles A. Collin 1
# The Psychonomic Society, Inc. 2020
Abstract We presented participants with videos of Duchenne smiles that differed in the duration of their onset, offset, or both to determine if this would affect perceived expression authenticity. The duration of onset and offset varied between 0.2 and 1.0 s. Participants were shown one smile at a time and were asked to judge its genuineness on a rating scale. Results indicated the duration of offset had an effect on perceived genuineness when it was manipulated in isolation. Similarly, when both the offset and onset duration were adjusted concomitantly, genuineness ratings were affected. There was no effect of onset duration when it was manipulated in isolation. This is the first demonstration of these effects using photographs of real human faces that are dynamically and morphologically symmetrical, and which have been validated via the Facial Action Coding System. Keywords Temporal dynamics . Authenticity . Genuineness . Smiles . Facial expressions . Perception of emotions
Introduction Emotions are not always transparently expressed through facial activity. Although many studies do support the claim that there is a concordance between the felt emotion and the expressed one (Gosselin et al., 1995; Rosenberg & Ekman, 1994; Ruch, 1995), facial activity can also be controlled voluntarily to display non-genuine emotional expressions. It has been suggested that there was a time in human evolution where there was a perfect concordance between emotions and facial expressions (Owren & Bachorowski, 2001), but that since then Hominidae have acquired the ability to produce facial expressions of emotions voluntarily. Among the numerous emotional expressions that can be voluntarily produced, the smile is arguably the most ubiquitous and has an important role to play in social interactions among individuals (Bugental, 1986; Niedenthal et al., 2010). According to Owren and Bachorowski (2001), smiling reinforces positive feelings towards other individuals, which increases the chances of receiving a favorable treatment in return. This positive feedback is recursive and, over time, reinforces attachment between individuals. It is thought that early humans eventually developed the ability to use false
* David Horic-Asselin [email protected] 1
School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier Vanier Hall, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
smiles in order to get resources from others. The ability to distinguish between false and genuine smiles then appeared and evolved over time. It is, however, only in the last 40 years or so that this distinction between genuine and non-genuine smiles has elicited serious interest from researchers. In the context of this article, we use the term “genuine smile” to designate the case where there is a concordance between what an individual feels and what they show through their fa
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