Elasticity and Inelasticity of Rubber
In this chapter we focus on the isothermal phenomenological theory of the elasticity and inelasticity of rubber. First, we describe experimental results that characterize the elastic behaviour of rubber, in particular of vulcanized natural rubber. This is
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Series Editors: The Rectors Manuel Garcia Velarde - Madrid Mahir Sayir - Zurich Wilhelm Schneider - Wien
The Secretary General Bernhard Schrefler - Padua
Executive Editor
Carlo Tasso- Udine
The series presents lecture notes, monographs, edited works and proceedings in the field of Mechanics, Engineering, Computer Science and Applied Mathematics. Purpose of the series is to make known in the international scientific and technical community results obtained in some of the activities organized by CISM, the International Centre for Mechanical Sciences.
INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR MECHANICAL SCIENCES COURSES AND LECTURES - No. 452
MECHANICS AND THERMOMECHANICS OF RUBBERLIKE SOLIDS
EDITED BY GIUSEPPE SACCOMANDI UNIVERSITY OF LECCE. RAYMOND W. OGDEN UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW
~ Springer-Verlag Wien GmbH
This volume contains 108 illustrations
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. © 2004 by Springer-Verlag Wien Originally published by Springer-Verlag Wien New York in 2004
SPIN 10990797
In order to make this volume available as economically and as rapidly as possible the authors' typescripts have been reproduced in their original forms. This method unfortunately has its typographical limitations but it is hoped that they in no way distract the reader.
ISBN 978-3-211-21251-6 DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-2540-3
ISBN 978-3-7091-2540-3 (eBook)
PREFACE Natural rubber is obtained from the milky secretion (latex) of various plants, but today the only commercial sources of natural rubber are the tree Hevea brasiliensis and the shrub known as guayule (Parthenium argentatum). Hevea brasiliensis is a tropical tree native to the Amazon Basin in Brazil and acljoining countries, whereas guayule is native to the arid regions of Mexico and the south west of the United States. When the rubber tree is tapped we obtain latex. It has a milky colour and if it is allowed to flow onto a hand, for instance, it will quickly coagulate and form a ribbon or strand. These strands can be rubbed together to form a ball that is capable of bouncing. Unless the latex is preserved it will rapidly degrade and normally ammonia is used as a preservative. In this raw state latex is perfectly safe and can be used as an adhesive. Hevea latex is a polydisperse system in which rubber particles constitute 30-45% of its volume. Native Americans used rubber for the production of sports equipment, as incense and lip balm, and also for the production of religious figurines. Still today Amazon Indians use it to smear over their feet to wear a kind of boot. Of all the wonderfUl tales brought back by Christopher Columbus in 1496 after his second voyage to the New World, none was stranger than the tale of a ball used by the people of Haiti that bounced. Although they did not realize it, Columbus and his crew were the first European
