Electric Conductivity of TiO 2 -Ti 2 O 3 -FeO-CaO-SiO 2 -MgO-Al 2 O 3 for High-Titania Slag Smelting Process
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NTRODUCTION
WITH the development of titanium industry, the available resources of high-grade natural rutile are increasingly becoming exhausted. Thus, upgrading the ilmenite to substitute rutile is of great significance to titanium industry. Ilmenite carbothermic reduction, and subsequent smelting in an electric arc furnace (EAF), has already become a dominant process for producing high-titanium slag worldwide. During the smelting process, electric conductivity of high-titania slag directly influences the heat distribution and the comprehensive power consumption in the electric furnaces. The heat requirement for slag melting was mainly supplied by the electric resistance heat generated by the current passing
KAI HU, WENZHOU YU, ZHIMING YAN, WEI LV, and SHENGPING LI are with the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400044, P.R. China and also with the Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vanadium-Titanium Metallurgy and New Materials, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400044, P.R. China. Contact e-mail: [email protected] XUEWEI LV is with the State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmissions, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400044, P.R. China and also with School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University. Contact e-mail: [email protected] Manuscript submitted March 10, 2019.
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B
through the slag. Although the wide variation of heat efficiency can be accomplished by adjusting the voltage and the current, the operating limit is consistently determined by the electric resistivity of molten slag.[1] Furthermore, electric conductivity, which generally depends on the temperature and composition of slag, was one of the most important physicochemical properties for understanding the structure of molten slag and operation of the EAF.[2–9] In recent decades, many previous studies had been carried out on the electric conductivity of TiO2-bearing slags. Figure 1 shows the effect of TiO2 content from 0 to 79 pct on the electric conductivity of various slags. For the FeO-TiO2 binary system, the electric conductivity varied from a minimum about 30 S cm1 at 40 mol pct TiO2 reported by Mori and Matsushita[10] to the value of 316 S cm1 for pure FeO obtained in the investigation by Inouye et al.,[11] and the value of more than 200 S cm1 for pure TiO2 was observed by Reznichenko.[12] Moris et al. found that the minimum electric conductivity value exists in the FeO-TiO2 system, and this result was in a very good qualitative agreement with those of Denisov et al.[13] and Nikitin et al.[14] Grau and Poggi[15] reported that the additions of TiO2 content can significantly increase the electric conductivity of the QIT slag [produced by Quebec Titanium Iron Company (QIT), Canada]. The slags with high FeO or TiO2 content exhibited high electric conductivity indicating that electronic conductivity involving valency exchange wa
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