Electric Power Stations and Transmission Networks
Diagnosis of the operational condition of facilities in power stations and transmission networks is of significant importance to ensure their reliable operation. Early detection of incipient faults or overload avoids failure of important parts of the powe
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Wolfgang Habel and Gerd Heidmann
Abstract
Diagnosis of the operational condition of facilities in power stations and transmission networks is of significant importance to ensure their reliable operation. Early detection of incipient faults or overload avoids failure of important parts of the power supply system. Diagnostics also allows planning maintenance activities to exploit full performance of the equipment and therefore enables economical operation of the quite expensive facilities. A variety of measuring and surveillance methods as well as very different sensor types installed are used to get information about the behaviour of important facility components. This chapter gives an overview on the most important facilities to be monitored, and an introduction to diagnostic tasks and strategies applied to these facilities. The most commonly used measurement and diagnostic methods are described such as optical methods (free-space optical detection, usage of electro-optic and magneto-optic effects as well as of optical fibre-guided methods), acoustic methods and mechanical methods. These diagnostic and monitoring methods are explained based on selected examples with regard to components of high-voltage (HV) transformers, cable systems, switchgears and circuit breakers, overhead transmission lines and finally
Berlin, 20 February 2012 Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang R. Habel, BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Fachbereich 8.6. Dr. rer. nat. Gerd Heidmann, IPH GmbH Berlin. W. Habel (&) Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany e-mail: [email protected] G. Heidmann Institut Prüffeld für elektrische Hochleistungstechnik GmbH, Landsberger Allee 378, 12681 Berlin, Germany e-mail: [email protected] H. Czichos (ed.), Handbook of Technical Diagnostics, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-25850-3_24, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
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generators and motors. New developments and trends in high power facilities and grids, and the corresponding diagnostic tasks are described at the end of this chapter.
24.1
Introduction
The world’s energy demand, i.e. the amount of primary energies which are needed worldwide every year, is currently growing very strongly, and is expected to double in the next 50 years. The world’s demand for electrical energy is about 17 % of the worldwide energy demand, although there are country-specific differences. In Germany, 40 % of the primary energy consumption concerns electricity generation [1]. The main reason for the increase in demand is the assimilation of living standards in the emerging market countries like China and India to the living standards of highly developed industrial nations. Looking forward to the next decade, the security of a sustainable power supply is seen as one of the most important issues [2]. Currently, about 85 % of the global energy demand is covered by fossil fuels for technical and economic reasons. Although these fossil fuels will continue to play a major role in the world’s
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