Electrochemical Surface Treatment to Enhance Corrosion Resistance and Bioresistance of Medical-Grade Stainless Steels
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JMEPEG https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-05095-z
Electrochemical Surface Treatment to Enhance Corrosion Resistance and Bioresistance of Medical-Grade Stainless Steels A.A. Kityk, V. Pavlik, M. Bocˇa, D. Pangallo, M. Kapustova, and Y. Halahovets (Submitted May 4, 2020; in revised form July 6, 2020) The room-temperature eco-friendly electrochemical surface treatment of medical-grade stainless steels in ethaline, a eutectic mixture of choline chloride and ethylene glycol in a molar ratio of 1:2, is investigated in this work. High levels of brightness, smoothness and corrosion resistance of the surfaces of the stainless steels Mn AISI, AISI 316Ti, and AISI 304 can be achieved by using the technique of anodic treatment in ethaline. The surface smoothing of the steel samples due to the dissolution of defects and inhomogeneities, and the enrichment of the electropolished surfaces with chromium and nickel, resulted in increased corrosion resistance and bioresistance. The results of the experiments demonstrated that with anodic treatment in ethaline it is possible to decrease the amount of the Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans microorganisms on the surfaces of the steel samples by a factor of up to 75. Thus, the deep eutectic solvent ethaline is a highly promising medium for significantly improving corrosion resistance and bioresistance of medical-grade stainless steels by anodic treatment. Keywords
anodic treatment, bioresistance, corrosion resistance, deep eutectic solvent, roughness, stainless steel
1. Introduction Metals have been used in various biomedical applications for a century, owing to their excellent mechanical properties (high strength, toughness, and fatigue resistance) and inertness (Ref 1, 2). Stainless steels, titanium, and cobalt–chromium– molybdenum alloys are the most extensively used materials in biomedical engineering because of their biocompatibility and mechanical properties (Ref 2, 3). Stainless steel alloys are the most commonly used materials for bone implants, cardiovascular stents, osteosynthesis implants and medical devices, and surgical and dental instruments, due to their excellent mechanical characteristics, superior biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, and low price (Ref 4). However, commercially produced stainless steels cannot, without special pretreatment, meet the high requirements for biomedical metals and alloys. For example, to be successfully used as a biomaterial, a stainless steel must possess corrosion resistance, sufficient resistance to bacterial growth, and a high level of biocompatibility (Ref 5). Various surface treatment approaches have, therefore, been employed to tune the surface elemental A.A. Kityk, Ukrainian State University of Chemical Technology, Gagarin Ave., 8, Dnipro 49005, Ukraine; V. Pavlik and M. Bocˇa, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Du´bravska´ St., 9, 84536 Bratislava 45, Slovak Republic; D. Pangallo and M. Kapustova, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Scie
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