Elliptic Curves and Functions

Number theory revived in Europe with the rediscovery of Diophantus by Bombelli, and the publication of a new edition by Bachet de Méziriac (1621). It was this book that inspired Fermat and launched number theory as a modern mathematical discipline—one tha

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John Stillwell

Mathematics and Its History A Concise Edition

Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics

Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics Series Editors Sheldon Axler San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA Kenneth Ribet University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA

Advisory Board Colin Adams, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, USA L. Craig Evans, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Pamela Gorkin, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, USA Roger E. Howe, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Michael E. Orrison, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA, USA Lisette G. de Pillis, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA, USA Jill Pipher, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA Jessica Sidman, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, USA

Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics are generally aimed at third- and fourth-year undergraduate mathematics students at North American universities. These texts strive to provide students and teachers with new perspectives and novel approaches. The books include motivation that guides the reader to an appreciation of interrelations among different aspects of the subject. They feature examples that illustrate key concepts as well as exercises that strengthen understanding.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/666

John Stillwell

Mathematics and Its History A Concise Edition

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John Stillwell Department of Mathematics University of San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA

ISSN 0172-6056 ISSN 2197-5604 (electronic) Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics ISBN 978-3-030-55192-6 ISBN 978-3-030-55193-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55193-3 Mathematics Subject Classification: 00A05, 00A66, 01A05 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This textbook is an abridged and updated version of the author’s ‘Mathematics and Its History, Third Edition’ © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published