Emergence and Ubiquity in the Smart Cities
This paper aims to add two concepts to the term of Smart City, ubiquity and emergence. The first term used recently in computer science to describe the impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in all areas of society, being the basis of tw
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CEMISID, Departamento de Computación, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela [email protected] Laboratorio de Robótica y Sistemas Inteligentes, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador
Abstract. This paper aims to add two concepts to the term of Smart City, ubiq‐ uity and emergence. The first term used recently in computer science to describe the impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in all areas of society, being the basis of two new research areas that currently have great interest, called the Internet of Things and smart environments. The second term, widely used by some sciences (biology, theology, etc.) to describe the behavior and dynamics that occur in the real phenomena in their areas. In this paper, we analyze their contributions to help to design cities more autonomous, with more capacities of self-management and adaptation. Keywords: Emergent systems · Ubiquitous systems · Smart cities
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Introduction
The term “smart” is used to define devices such as smart phones, smart cars, smart homes, among others; with different uses and capabilities. The questions to ask are: What makes them smart? Why call them smart? And in the case of this work, What does a city to be “smart”? In the last twenty years, one of the most innovative industries are aerospace and automotive, based on the introduction of various degrees of automation in its processes. Automation is based in ICT. In fact, some scientists prefer to extend ICTs with the notion of automation (ICAT). The automation are reaching environments common of the life of human beings, with a high level of spatio-temporal integration of technologies with their environments (house, school, etc.). On the other hand, in the cities there are a lot of “hard technologies” (see [2] for details on that term): telephones, computers, vehicles, among other. There is a long list of technological objects of daily use, which are incorporated into our lives. Thus, a city could not stay out of the impact of ICAT, in particular to exploit the information and knowledge that it generates, which can help improve public services, urban planning processes, among others. For this, it is necessary to analyse how to integrate and exploit the ICAT in the cities, to make it sustainable, to create innovation processes in them, to increase the social, political and economic self-control, etc.
© IFIP International Federation for Information Processing 2016 Published by Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016. All Rights Reserved F.J. Mata and A. Pont (Eds.): WITFOR 2016, IFIP AICT 481, pp. 235–244, 2016. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-44447-5_22
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J. Aguilar
Particularly, the cities should use the ICAT to be smart. They allow computerize, interconnect and automate all processes that occur in a city (energy management, management of traffic, etc.). For a city to become “smart” must perform a transformation process, implementing the ICAT in their core processes. ICAT enables monitor their activities, interconnect the different ent
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