Emerging diagnostic tools for detection of COVID-19 and perspective
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Emerging diagnostic tools for detection of COVID-19 and perspective Nidhi Verma 1 & Dhaval Patel 2 & Alok Pandya 1 Accepted: 18 October 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The COVID-19 caused by a novel coronavirus, named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has taken a great toll of life affecting lakhs of people around the globe. It was detected initially in Wuhan, China and has spread rapidly to more than 208 countries to date. A range of molecular and immunoassay-based techniques ranging from central laboratory testing to point-of-care tests is urgently needed for the diagnosis and management of COVID-19 patients. Intensive research is going on for the rapid and highly sensitive detection of COVID 19 using varied approach. Hence, this review will focus on the structure of SARS-CoV-2 and recent progress of different detection tool for the detection of COVID-19. This review will also stimulate academics and researcher to update their current technology. Additionally, we also state about the future revolving around the detection of the novel coronavirus. Lately, the way ahead for better management are also put forward. Keywords SARS-CoV-2 . Point of care . RT-PCR . CRISPR . Isothermal amplification . Biosensors
1 Introduction The year 2019 ended with a fatal outbreak of a novel coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), preliminarily identified as a causative agent of a series of unusual pneumonia cases in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) permanently named the pathogen SARSCoV-2 and the disease it caused coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and declared the crisis a pandemic (Enserink 2020). As per the World Health Organisation (WHO), latest situation report (Sep 14, 2020) at the time of this writing, more than 28.9 million confirmed cases with more than millions of deaths have been reported in 208 countries (Organisation 2020). The first reported case of COVID-19 was in Wuhan, Hubei province with symptoms such as fever, cold, shortness in breath very similar to the common cold in few cases and within a week had a reported cluster cases of acute pneumonia (Nishiura et al. 2020). The Computerized Tomography (CT) scan of the patients revealed slight opacity and difference from the healthy scan of the lungs (Ai et al. 2020). It was concluded * Alok Pandya [email protected] 1
Department of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382426, India
2
Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382426, India
as a possible case of pneumonia but the speculation was rejected as soon as PCR results revealed it belongs to coronavirus family using the bronchoalveolar lavage samples of the patients (Ai et al. 2020). It was speculated that the viral disease caused had a zoonotic source. Genome sequencing of SARSCoV-2 has revealed that it is 96.2% identic
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