Emissions Pollutant from Diesel, Biodiesel and Natural Gas Refuse Collection Vehicles in Urban Areas
Urban pollution is of increasing concern due to human health implications. Therefore, emissions pollutant from commercial vehicles which move daily at fixed itineraries, such as buses and refuse collection vehicles must be monitored. In this study we have
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ntroduction The emission certification for heavy-duty applications is done by running engines in an engine dynamometer, not with the complete vehicle. The rationale for this is that a certain engine can be used for a number of different vehicle applications. However, the interest to carry out dynamic emission testing with complete vehicles, either on a chassis dynamometer or on the road is increasing. According to the current directives, the measurement of emissions for the official approval of Euro IV industrial vehicle diesel engines must be performed in accordance with three types of test: ESC, ELR and ETC; the maximum acceptable emission values for these tests are shown in Table 1. • ESC: European Steady Cycle • ELR: European Load Response Test • ETC: European Transient Cycle
Data Collection Vehicles Description The refuse collection trucks are lateral loaders. Due to the severe service operation high engine rating are required. The trucks used have difference power output, but the same curb weight. Some of the specifications for the instrumented trucks are presented in Table 2. The CNG engine was turbocharged in stoichiometric ratio with multipoint port fuel injection and equipped with a three-way catalyst. J.M. López, N. Flores, F. Jiménez and F. Aparicio Polytechnic University of Madrid (UPM), University Institute for Automobile Research
S. Rauch et al. (eds.), Highway and Urban Environment, Alliance for Global Sustainability Bookseries 17, DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-3043-6_16, © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010
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J.M. López et al. Table 1 Maximum acceptable emission figures for ESC, ELR and ETC tests on Euro IV industrial vehicles European heavy-duty emission limit values EURO IV ESC and ELR ETC CO g/kW h 1.50 4.00 HC g/kW h 0.46 – NMHC g/kW h – 0.55 g/kW h – 1.10 CH4a NOx g/kW h 3.50 3.50 PM g/kW h 0.02 0.03 Smokes m−1 0.50 – ESC, European Steady Cycle; ELR, European Load Response Test; ETC, European Transient Cycle. a Only for CNG engines.
Table 2 Instrumented Trucks Specifications Diesel truck Diesel engine (ID) Engine type Turbocharged with intercooler Displacement 7,790 cm3 Cylinders Six, in line Bore/stroke 115/125 mm Compression ratio 16:1 Engine power rating 228 kW (310 CV) at 1,950–2,400 rpm Engine torque rating 1,300 N m (133 kg m) at 1,200– 1,675 rpm Curb weight 26,000 kg
CNG truck Otto engine Turbocharged with intercooler 7,790 cm3 Six, in line 115/125 mm 11.5:1 200 kW (272 CV) at 1,100–1,800 rpm 1,100 N m (112 kg m) at 1,100–1,800 rpm 26,000 kg
Measurement Equipment The “on-board” measurement equipment is a Horiba OBS 2200 device (Fig. 1). It can acquire data under real-driving conditions of vehicle use. Such data are instantaneous, and accumulated CO, CO2, THC and NOx emissions, fuel consumption, and the speed at any one instant are recorded. The set of gas analyzers provides real mass emission results (g/s) and instantaneous emissions (expressed as percent or ppm, depending on the gases involved). The analyzers are: • Multiple CO, CO2 and H2O analyzer based on the Heated
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