Emotions
The relevance of emotions becomes evident when they reach an overwhelming state or when pathological processes alter or interfere with their normal expression and function. Until now, emotion-specific correlates could barely be demonstrated via physiologi
- PDF / 1,969,795 Bytes
- 25 Pages / 504.57 x 720 pts Page_size
- 95 Downloads / 235 Views
Emotions Birgit Derntl, Frank Schneider, and Ute Habel
Abbreviations aMCC CS DCM MTL PET rCBF US/UCS V5 VPFC
10.1
Anterior midcingulate cortex Conditioned stimulus Dynamic causal modeling Medial temporal lobe Positron emission tomography Regional cerebral blood flow Unconditioned stimulus Extrastriatal visual area V5/MT (middle temporal) Ventral prefrontal cortex
Emotional Experience
Emotions usually cannot be measured under realistic conditions in neuroimaging settings. A fundamental problem of research in this area is, therefore, the application of effective methods in experimental mood induction. To be specific, the induced emotional state to be analyzed has to be genuine. So far, this has led to the development of very different experimental approaches. The
Adapted from Derntl B, Schneider F, Habel U (2012) Emotionen. In: Schneider & Fink (Eds), Funktionelle MRT in Psychiatrie und Neurologie. Springer, pp. 483–504 B. Derntl (*) • F. Schneider • U. Habel Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen D-52074, Germany e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
disadvantage of such a wide variety of methods is the diversity of published results and the problem of comparability between findings and studies. For that reason, a major problem is still the lack of standardization of materials and approaches.
10.1.1 Mood Induction Methods The emotional experience is investigated mostly with the help of experimental mood induction methods. Various forms of experimental mood induction can be distinguished, such as the following: • The ability to put oneself in a certain emotional state based on the presented emotional material (text, movies, music, odors) according to predetermined instructions • The free recall of subjects’ own experiences • The presentation of emotional material without explicit instructions to empathize with emotions • The feedback of success or failure to induce satisfaction or frustration • Experimental physiological changes (e.g., administration of medication) The first imaging studies to investigate emotional experience were performed with positron emission tomography (PET): Examining selfinduced sadness and inferior and orbitofrontal activity has been demonstrated (Pardo et al. 1993). In another study, sadness and happiness were triggered by watching affective facial expressions (George et al. 1995). Here, sadness
C. Mulert, M.E. Shenton (eds.), MRI in Psychiatry, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-54542-9_10, © Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2014
191
B. Derntl et al.
192
a
b
Signal Intensity
1.0
0.5
0.0
–0.5
–1.0 15
30
45
75 60 Time points
90
105
Fig. 10.1 Amygdala activity during sad mood induction in 26 healthy volunteers (a). Besides whole brain analysis, analysis of amygdala activation was also performed individually. Activation could be localized in the amygdala in 19 subjects. The averaged signal during sadness induction
(b) of these 19 subjects substantially corresponds to the reference f
Data Loading...
