Employment of thermal analysis applied to the oxidative stability evaluation of biodiesel using chalcone analogues
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Employment of thermal analysis applied to the oxidative stability evaluation of biodiesel using chalcone analogues Lucas M. Berneira1 · Caroline T. Rockembach1 · Caroline C. da Silva1 · Samantha C. de Freitas1 · Bruno N. Rosa1 · Ernani Pinto2 · Fabyana M. Anjos2 · Marco A. Z. dos Santos1 · Claudio M. P. de Pereira1 Received: 19 March 2020 / Accepted: 13 August 2020 © Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary 2020
Abstract Biodiesel is a prominent green combustible constituted of alkyl esters of fatty acids that can be prone to oxidation leading to undesirable effects in the fuel that can difficult its use. In this sense, there is a need for the development of antioxidants decelerating the oxidation of biodiesel. In this way, the aim of this work was to evaluate synthetic chalcones, which have the potential to act as oxidative stabilizers, from an initial screening of a series of chalcone analogues at different concentrations as antioxidant agents in biodiesel obtained from frying soybean oil. It should be noted that this is the first work to report the analysis of stabilization of biodiesel from soybean frying oil with synthetic chalcones. Results indicated that all of the quality parameters required for biodiesel were attended, except for the oxidative stability, as determined by standards of the European Union, USA and Brazil. Chalcone analogues were synthesized in moderate to good yields, while DPPH assay showed that these molecules had an antioxidant activity. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed that hydroxychalcones had an antioxidant activity in biodiesel at concentration equal to or above 1250 ppm. Therefore, this study indicates that chalcones have a structural template worth exploring to be applied as stabilizer agents in biodiesel. Graphic abstract
Keywords Oxidative stability · Waste oil · Chalcone · Synthetic antioxidant · DPPH · DSC * Claudio M. P. de Pereira [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
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Introduction Biodiesel is a prominent green fuel obtained from biological sources and composed of a mixture of fatty acids alkyl esters, which play a dominant role in its properties. It can be produced from diverse matrices such as vegetable oils, animal fats, microorganisms and fatty residues [1]. Nowadays, this alternative energy source is gradually receiving more attention due to the high rate of pollution as well as the health and environmental impact caused by fossil fuels. Additionally, most of the petroleum and its derivatives reserves are heading to depletion, so the importance of biodiesel production is becoming clearer on the search for alternative fuels [2]. The oxidative stability of a biodiesel sample is primarily related to its fatty acid composition, in which a higher amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids generally induces a higher oxidative degradation when compared to samples with a prevalence of saturated fatty acids [2]. Other factors that can be related to the oxidation of biodiesel include exposure to air
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