Encounters Between Drivers with and Without Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems
Cooperative intelligent transport systems (C-ITS) are among the most promising innovations in present automobile industry. When evaluating those systems, possible effects on surrounding traffic have not been investigated properly. The necessity to researc
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Katharina Preuk, Mandy Dotzauer, Frank Köster, and Meike Jipp
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Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems
Cooperative intelligent transport systems (C-ITS) appear to be a promising solution to increase road traffic safety in urban areas as today the vast majority of persons lives in urban areas or visits them frequently. In consequence, traffic increases and so do chances of fatalities and traffic congestion [1]. In Germany, the percentage of persons killed in urban areas increased by 5% from 2013 to 2014 [2]. Initiatives such as UR:BAN have formed focusing on the development of C-ITS in urban areas counteracting these issues [3]. Especially, traffic light-controlled intersections came into the focus of research. Traffic lights regulate traffic in complex intersections where different kinds of road users meet and interact. However, studies have shown that traffic lights trigger stop-and-go driving that is associated with increased fuel consumption, CO2 emissions, congestion and driver frustration [4, 5]. Additionally, the switching of traffic light signals is difficult to anticipate. The inability to predict the switching is associated with a high degree of drivers’ uncertainty, anxiety and increased workload [6–8]. Especially the so-called dilemma zone appears problematic while approaching traffic lights. Drivers may be too close to the intersection for stopping safely, but also too far away for passing through. An increased number of crashes has been reported in such zones. In addition, drivers’ workload appears to be higher [9–11]. Another difficult situation at signalised intersection is the start-up at the onset of green. Drivers need some time to react to signal changes. This time is called startup lost time. Especially in large urban cities, effects of start-up lost times are significant. K. Preuk () M. Dotzauer M. Jipp Institute of Transportation Systems - Division Human Factors, German Aerospace Center Brunswick, Germany F. Köster Institute of Transportation Systems - Head of Sector Automotive Systems, German Aerospace Center Brunswick, Germany © Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH 2018 K. Bengler et al. (eds.), UR:BAN Human Factors in Traffic, ATZ/MTZ-Fachbuch, DOI 10.1007/978-3-658-15418-9_20
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Drivers often experience traffic jams, lose attention to signal changes and miss the onset of the green phase respectively. Consequently, traffic flow deteriorates at the signalised intersections [12]. Traffic light assistance systems can support drivers in these situations. Such systems can be understood as an umbrella term for various kinds of C-ITS applications for signalised intersections. Their development was the goal of several research projects such as eCoMove, INTERSAFE or UR:BAN focusing on different aspects such as traffic flow optimisation, eco driving or road traffic safety [13, 14]. Traffic light assistance systems are based on information exchange via either wireless communication between vehicle and traffic light or mobile communication networks (i. e. smart
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