Encrypted digital watermarking algorithm for quick response code using discrete cosine transform and singular value deco
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Encrypted digital watermarking algorithm for quick response code using discrete cosine transform and singular value decomposition Limin Sun 1 & Shili Liang 2
1
& Peipei Chen & Yixin Chen
1
Received: 25 July 2019 / Revised: 8 October 2020 / Accepted: 13 October 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract
There is a trade-off relationship between the imperceptibility of a watermark and the robustness of a digital watermarking algorithm; to overcome this, we propose a robust digital watermarking encryption algorithm for quick response (QR) code images based on discrete cosine transform (DCT) and singular value decomposition (SVD) through dual scrambling using Josephus ring and cellular automata. Experimental results show that watermark can still be identified from a seriously distorted QR code. The proposed scheme maintains satisfactory image quality, with great robustness to noise, filters, JPEG compression, rotation, cropping, contrast variation attacks, print/scan attacks, and so on. This algorithm can achieve further reform for QR code, which can be widely used to protect the copyright of digital works. Keywords QR code . Digital watermark . Cellular automaton . Josephus ring . Singular value decomposition Abbreviations QR quick response 2D The two-dimensional DCT discrete cosine transform DWT discrete wavelet transform SVD singular value decomposition RST rotation, scaling, translation IF intermediate frequency LF low frequency * Shili Liang [email protected]
1
School of Physics, Circuits and systems, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
2
School of Physics, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
Multimedia Tools and Applications
PSNR CA NC
peak signal-to-noise ratio cellular automata correlation coefficient
1 Introduction There has been a rapid development in mobile Internet and widespread use of intelligent mobile terminals. This has resulted in widespread application of quick response (QR) codes. Internet companies regard QR codes as “a powerful portal for mobile Internet”. QR codes are used for mobile payments, information collection, public service, logistics tracking, product traceability, and so on [28]. The QR code is a black-and white module pattern generated by encoding information. It not only has all the characteristics of the two-dimensional (2D) code, but also has its own unique advantages, such as multiple types of coding information, large information capacity, simple and rapid codec information, flexible and variable fault tolerance level, and so on [5, 26]. The process of 2D data conversion and encoding is open, so it is not a secure technology. In the current era of digital information, digital watermarking is an important technology for copyright protection, information security, and anti-counterfeiting. It combines digital watermarking technology and QR code as a QR code security protection scheme to improve its defense capability. Gradually, it has gained interest as a re
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