End to end simulators: a flexible and scalable cloud-based architecture
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End to end simulators: a flexible and scalable cloud-based architecture Application to high resolution spectrographs ESPRESSO and ELT-HIRES. M. Genoni1 · M. Landoni2 · G. Pariani1 · M. Riva1 · A. Bianco1 · G. Li Causi3 · T. Marquart4 · F. A. Pepe5 · A. Marconi6 · E. Oliva7
Received: 30 March 2020 / Accepted: 17 August 2020 / Published online: 21 September 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Simulations of frames from existing and upcoming high-resolution spectrographs, targeted for high accuracy radial velocity measurements, are computationally demanding (both in time and space). We present in this paper an innovative approach based on both parallelization and distribution of the workload. By using NVIDIA CUDA custommade kernels and state-of-the-art cloud-computing architectures in a Platform as a Service (PaaS) approach, we implemented a modular and scalable end-to-end simulator that is able to render synthetic frames with an accuracy of the order of few cm/sec, while keeping the computational time low. We applied our approach to two spectrographs. For VLT-ESPRESSO we give a sound comparison between the actual data and the simulations showing the obtained spectral formats and the recovered instrumental profile. We also simulate data for the upcoming HIRES at the ELT and investigate the overall performance in terms of computational time and scalability against the size of the problem. In addition we demonstrate the interface with data-reduction systems and we preliminary show that the data can be reduced successfully by existing methods. Keywords End-to-end simulators · Radial velocity spectrographs · High performance computing · Distribute computing · ESPRESSO · ELT-HIRES
1 Introduction End-to-End instrument models (E2E) are numerical simulators which aim to simulate the expected astronomical observations starting from the radiation of the scientific M. Genoni
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Extended author information available on the last page of the article.
216
Experimental Astronomy (2020) 50:215–232
sources to the raw-frame data produced by instruments. Synthetic raw-frames can be ingested by the Data Reduction Software (DRS) to be analyzed in order to assess if top-level scientific requirements, such as spectral resolution, SNR, Radial Velocity (RV) accuracy and precision, are satisfied within the specific instrument design. More and more heterogeneous and complex instrumentation, especially for future extremely large telescopes, are stressing the need of such tools. In fact, E2Es have been valuable software exploited in many types of astronomical instruments for different purposes. Specifically, they have been used in design phases to optimize and improve specific hardware components and parameters [8], or for early verification of instrument performance (see [2]). In addition, they helped the verification of performance during instrument integration by comparing theoretical and real data such as image quality, spectral resolution and spectral format [7]. From the scientific point of view, they have be
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