Endochin-like quinolone-300 and ELQ-316 inhibit Babesia bovis , B. bigemina , B. caballi and Theileria equi
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Parasites & Vectors Open Access
RESEARCH
Endochin‑like quinolone‑300 and ELQ‑316 inhibit Babesia bovis, B. bigemina, B. caballi and Theileria equi Marta G. Silva1*†, Reginaldo G. Bastos1†, J. Stone Doggett2, Michael K. Riscoe2, Sovitj Pou3, Rolf Winter3, Rozalia A. Dodean3, Aaron Nilsen2,3 and Carlos E. Suarez1,4*
Abstract Background: The most common apicomplexan parasites causing bovine babesiosis are Babesia bovis and B. bigemina, while B. caballi and Theileria equi are responsible for equine piroplasmosis. Treatment and control of these diseases are usually achieved using potentially toxic chemotherapeutics, such as imidocarb diproprionate, but drugresistant parasites are emerging, and alternative effective and safer drugs are needed. The endochin-like quinolones (ELQ)-300 and ELQ-316 have been proven to be safe and efficacious against related apicomplexans, such as Plasmodium spp., with ELQ-316 also being effective against Babesia microti, without showing toxicity in mammals. Methods: The inhibitory effects of ELQ-300 and ELQ-316 were assessed on the growth of cultured B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. caballi and T. equi. The percentage of parasitized erythrocytes was measured by flow cytometry, and the effect of the ELQ compounds on the viability of horse and bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was assessed by monitoring cell metabolic activity using a colorimetric assay. Results: We calculated the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) at 72 h, which ranged from 0.04 to 0.37 nM for ELQ-300, and from 0.002 to 0.1 nM for ELQ-316 among all cultured parasites tested at 72 h. None of the parasites tested were able to replicate in cultures in the presence of ELQ-300 and ELQ-316 at the maximal inhibitory concentration (IC100), which ranged from 1.3 to 5.7 nM for ELQ-300 and from 1.0 to 6.0 nM for ELQ-316 at 72 h. Neither ELQ-300 nor ELQ-316 altered the viability of equine and bovine PBMC at their IC100 in in vitro testing. Conclusions: The compounds ELQ-300 and ELQ-316 showed significant inhibitory activity on the main parasites responsible for bovine babesiosis and equine piroplasmosis at doses that are tolerable to host cells. These ELQ drugs may be viable candidates for developing alternative protocols for the treatment of bovine babesiosis and equine piroplasmosis. Keywords: Bovine babesiosis, Equine piroplamsosis, Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, Babesia caballi, Theileria equi, Endochin-like quinolones, ELQ-300, nnELQ-316
*Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] † Marta G. Silva and Reginaldo G. Bastos contributed equally to this work 1 Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
Background Tick-borne diseases caused by apicomplexan hemoparasites, such as those of genera Babesia and Theileria, impose serious economic impact on the cattle and horse industries worldwide [1, 2]. Babesiosis and theileriosis share si
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