Energy, exergy, environmental, and economic analysis of natural and forced cooling of solar still with porous media
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Energy, exergy, environmental, and economic analysis of natural and forced cooling of solar still with porous media Hamdy Hassan 1,2
&
Mohamed S. Yousef 3 & M. Salem Ahmed 4 & Mohamed Fathy 5
Received: 24 January 2020 / Accepted: 1 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The performance of single slope solar still with an enhanced condenser at different saline water mediums in the basin is studied and assessed based on productivity, energy, exergy, economic, and enviroeconomic methodologies. Six solar still configurations are considered: conventional solar still (CSS); modified solar still (MSS) which is a still with heat sink condenser; MSS having an umbrella (MSS + U); MSS with forced-air cooling (MSS + FA); MSS with forced-water cooling (MSS + FW); and finally, MSS with forcedwater cooling and contains sand in the basin (MSS + FW + SD). Experiments are conducted under hot and cold climate conditions of Sohag city, Egypt. The results indicate that the MSS + FW + SD has a maximum daily yield of 5.37 kg/m2 in summer and 2.74 kg/m2 in winter with an increase of 36% in summer and 26% in winter compared with CSS. It was found that the maximum increase of the energy and exergy efficiency compared with CSS is achieved in the case of MSS + FW + SD of 39% and 33%, respectively. Furthermore, the maximum and minimum cost of freshwater is achieved in cases of MSS + U and MSS + FW + SD, respectively. Finally, among all studied systems, MSS + FW + SD achieves the best performance based on the exergoeconomic approach. Keywords Solar still . Porous medium . Condenser . Energy and exergy . Exergoeconomic . Environmental
Nomenclature Ab Area of basin (m2) AMC Maintenance cost per year ($) ASV Annual salvage value ($) CPL Cost per liter ($/L/m2) CRF Capital recovery factor (fraction) Ein Embodied energy (kWh). EPBTen Energy payback time based on energy streams (year) Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues * Hamdy Hassan [email protected] 1
Energy Resources Eng. Department, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), Alexandria, Egypt
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Benha Faculty of Engineering, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
4
Mechanical Department, Faculty of Industrial Education, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
5
Technical Industrial Institute, Sohag, Egypt
EPBTex EPFen EPFex Ex FAC I˙ t i mew P Ppcm Ps Pn Rg,ex S SSF Tamb Ts Tw UAC
Energy payback time based on exergy streams (year) Energy production factor based on energy streams (fraction) Energy production factor based on exergy streams (fraction) Inlet daily exergy (kWh) First annual cost ($) Total solar radiation falling on the solar still (W/m2) Rate of interest (%) Freshwater productivity (kg/m2) Capital cost of solar still ($) Cost of the PCM ($) Net present cost of solar still ($) Average annual distilled water production (kg/m2) Exergoeconomic parameter (kWh/$) Salvage value o
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