Energy-loss magnetic chiral dichroism (EMCD): Magnetic chiral dichroism in the electron microscope
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Energy-loss magnetic chiral dichroism (EMCD): Magnetic chiral dichroism in the electron microscope S. Rubinoa) Institute for Solid State Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna A-1040, Austria; and Department of Engineering, Uppsala University, Uppsala S-751 21, Sweden
P. Schattschneider Institute for Solid State Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna A-1040, Austria; and Service Centre for TEM, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna A-1040, Austria
M. Stöger-Pollach Service Centre for TEM, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna A-1040, Austria
C. Hébert SB-CIME Station 12, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
J. Rusz Department of Physics, Uppsala University, Uppsala S-751 21, Sweden; and Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague CZ-18221, Czech Republic
L. Calmels, B. Warot-Fonrose, F. Houdellier, and V. Serin Nanomaterieaux Group, CEMES-CNRS, FR-31400 Toulouse, France
P. Novak Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague CZ-18221, Czech Republic (Received 3 April 2008; accepted 17 July 2008)
A new technique called energy-loss magnetic chiral dichroism (EMCD) has recently been developed [P. Schattschneider, et al. Nature 441, 486 (2006)] to measure magnetic circular dichroism in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) with a spatial resolution of 10 nm. This novel technique is the TEM counterpart of x-ray magnetic circular dichroism, which is widely used for the characterization of magnetic materials with synchrotron radiation. In this paper we describe several experimental methods that can be used to measure the EMCD signal [P. Schattschneider, et al. Nature 441, 486 (2006); C. Hébert, et al. Ultramicroscopy 108(3), 277 (2008); B. Warot-Fonrose, et al. Ultramicroscopy 108(5), 393 (2008); L. Calmels, et al. Phys. Rev. B 76, 060409 (2007); P. van Aken, et al. Microsc. Microanal. 13(3), 426 (2007)] and give a review of the recent improvements of this new investigation tool. The dependence of the EMCD on several experimental conditions (such as thickness, relative orientation of beam and sample, collection and convergence angle) is investigated in the transition metals iron, cobalt, and nickel. Different scattering geometries are illustrated; their advantages and disadvantages are detailed, together with current limitations. The next realistic perspectives of this technique consist of measuring atomic specific magnetic moments, using suitable spin and orbital sum rules, [L. Calmels, et al. Phys. Rev. B 76, 060409 (2007); J. Rusz, et al. Phys. Rev. B 76, 060408 (2007)] with a resolution down to 2 to 3 nm. a)
Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected] This paper was selected as the Outstanding Symposium Paper for the 2007 MRS Fall Meeting Symposium C Proceedings, Vol. 1026E. DOI: 10.1557/JMR.2008.0348 2582
http://journals.cambridge.org
J. Mater. Res., Vol. 23, No. 10, Oct 2008 Downloaded: 15 Mar 2015
© 2008 Materials Research Society IP address: 128.172.10.194
S. Rubino et al.: Energy-loss magnet
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