Energy Resources and Systems Volume 1: Fundamentals and Non-Renewabl
This is a comprehensive book that addresses renewable, non-renewable, and future energy sources and their utilization. All current and potential future energy sources are discussed in great details including the type of energy, methods of converting the e
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Tushar K. Ghosh • Mark A. Prelas
Energy Resources and Systems Volume 1: Fundamentals and Non-Renewable Resources
Tushar K. Ghosh Nuclear Science & Engineering Institute University of Missouri-Columbia E 2434 Lafferre Hall Columbia MO 65211 USA
ISBN: 978-90-481-2382-7
Mark A. Prelas Nuclear Science & Engineering Institute University of Missouri-Columbia E 2434 Lafferre Hall Columbia MO 65211 USA
e-ISBN: 978-90-481-2383-4
Library of Congress Control Number: 2009928307 © Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2009 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed on acid-free paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com
Dedication
This book is dedicated to Alexander Prelas, a young man who in his fight for life has shown great courage and determination. Our hope is that Alex’s generation will show the same courage and determination in solving the energy crisis.
This book is also dedicated to our kids who will be challenged more than any other previous generations to find stable and affordable energy resources without harming the mother earth.
PREFACE
In the lifetimes of the authors, the world and especially the United States have received three significant “wake-up calls” on energy production and consumption. The first of these occurred on October 15, 1973 when the Yom Kippur War began with an attack by Syria and Egypt on Israel. The United States and many western countries supported Israel. Because of the western support of Israel, several Arab oil exporting nations imposed an oil embargo on the west. These nations withheld five million barrels of oil per day. Other countries made up about one million barrels of oil per day but the net loss of four million barrels of oil production per day extended through March of 1974. This represented 7% of the free world’s (i.e., excluding the USSR) oil production. In 1972 the price of crude oil was about $3.00 per barrel and by the end of 1974 the price of oil had risen by a factor of 4 to over $12.00. This resulted in one of the worst recessions in the post World War II era. As a result, there was a movement in the United States to become energy independent. At that time the United States imported about one third of its oil (about five million barrels per day). After the embargo was lifted, the world chose to ignore the “wake-up call” and went on with business as usual. The second “wake-up call” occurred on November 4, 1979 when the new government of Iran allowed “students” to take United States embassy employees hostage. At that point in time the United States was importing about 41% of its oil (about seven million barrels per day). During the 444 day crisis United States oil imports dropped to about four mil
