Enhanced photocatalytic activity of annealed polycarbazole-tinoxide nanocomposite against RhB and MB dyes under UV and n
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Enhanced photocatalytic activity of annealed polycarbazole-tinoxide nanocomposite against RhB and MB dyes under UV and natural sunlight irradiations M. Mubarak Ali 1
&
D. John Williams 1 & M. Sherin Banu 2
Received: 22 January 2020 / Accepted: 20 May 2020 # The Polymer Society, Taipei 2020
Abstract The pristine polycarbazole (PCz) and polycarbazole (PCz) -tin oxide (SnO2) nanocomposite (PCT) were synthesized via facile insitu polymerization method and analyzed by various advanced techniques. The crystal structure is identified by PXRD and disclosed the primitive tetragonal structure of SnO2. The annealed PCT exhibited uniform spherical like morphology with low degree of aggregation. The HRTEM analysis confirmed the presence of nanocomposite with the particle size of 7.6 nm for the annealed PCT. The surface area measured from the BET analysis for the annealed PCT is 7.9 m2/g which is 1.9 and 1.6 times higher than the PCz and unannealed PCT respectively. The TG-DTA study revealed the high thermal stability of the annealed material which is 4.8 times higher than the unannealed. The annealed PCT showed higher photocatalytic activity towards rhodamine B (RhB) and methylene blue (MB) dyes under natural sunlight than the UV light under same conditions. Besides, it shows excellent photocatalytic stability after 4 cycles. The extent of degradation is investigated by total organic carbon (TOC) analysis and found that the removal percentage towards the RhB and MB dyes under natural sunlight were 74.16 and 88.16% which is 1.7 and 1.5 times higher than the UV light under same conditions. The practical feasibility of PCT towards the real life time sample is investigated by chemical oxygen demand (COD) technique which is demonstrated a high removal percentage of 50% within 240 min. Thus, the synthesized nanocomposite is inexpensive, reliable and efficient photocatalyst for the removal of textile dyes. Keywords SnO2 . Photo catalyst . Polymer nanocomposite . Degradation
Introduction Dyes are extensively used by various industries such as paper, textile, food, leather and cosmetics. These industries use large amount of dyes every year. It is evaluated that around 10–20% of the dyes were discharged as waste in the water resources during the dyeing and manufacturing process which are carcinogenic in nature and causes serious threat to the human Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-020-02165-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * M. Mubarak Ali [email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry, Chikkaiah Naicker College, Erode, Tamil Nadu 638004, India
2
Department of Chemistry, Government Arts College (A), Salem, Tamil Nadu 636007, India
beings, the hydrosphere and other living organisms in the environment [1]. The major challenge associated with the waste water is the color removal because it is highly complex and difficult to remove. Even a trace of the dye has high visibility which decreased the light pe
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