Entangled states as robust and re-usable carriers of information
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Entangled states as robust and re-usable carriers of information Shima Emamipanah2 · Marzieh Asoudeh2
· Vahid Karimipour1
Received: 10 January 2020 / Accepted: 13 August 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Entangled states can be used as secure carriers of information much in the same way as carriers are used in classical communications. In such protocols, quantum states are uploaded to the carrier at one end and are downloaded from it in safe form at the other end, leaving the carrier intact and ready for reuse. Furthermore, protocols have been designed for performing quantum state sharing in this way. In this work, we study the robustness of these protocols against two of the most common sources of noise, namely de-phasing and depolarization and show that multiple uses of these carriers do not lead to accumulative errors, rather the error remains constant and under control. Keywords Quantum secret sharing · Entanglement · GHZ states · Reusable carriers
1 Introduction Conventionally in quantum information processes [1–4] entanglement is used as a resource which is consumed at the end of a process and has to be renewed for a second use. This is the case for teleportation, measurement-based quantum computation and many other protocols. For example, in quantum secret sharing schemes [5–10], which is the subject of interest in the present work, the highly non-classical correlation in the shared entangled state allows the legitimate parties to establish a random shared key between themselves. Of course there are also cryptographic protocols which are sequential and do not use entanglement at all [11,12,14–18]. The idea of using an entangled state between two remote points, as a reusable carrier of information, first came up in [19] and then extended to quantum secret sharing in [20] by one of the authors. This idea is a natural generalization of the idea behind today’s classical communication networks, in the sense that an entangled state between two or
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Marzieh Asoudeh [email protected]
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Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-9161, Tehran, Iran
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Department of physics, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 0123456789().: V,-vol
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more points acts as a secure carrier of information between these points. The sender entangles (uploads) a state to the carrier which is disentangled (downloaded) by the receiver at the other end. The additional feature, due to the quantum properties is that during transmission, the state is hidden from potential adversaries. The hiding effect is a direct result of entanglement of the message state with the carrier state, by which the message state is in a highly mixed state and carrying no information at all by itself. Only in the sender and receiver ends, where the message is uploaded (entangled to the carrier) or downloaded (disentangled from the carrier), the identity of the message is revealed. At the end of each round, the
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