Enterprise as a Carrier of Culture An Anthropological Approach to Bu

This book expands anthropological studies of business enterprise to include comparative and interdisciplinary perspectives. A number of books on business anthropology have been published, but most of them are written by anthropologists alone. By contrast,

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Hirochika Nakamaki Koichiro Hioki Noriya Sumihara Izumi Mitsui Editors

Enterprise as a Carrier of Culture An Anthropological Approach to Business Administration

Translational Systems Sciences Volume 16 Editors in Chief Kyoichi Kijima, Tokyo, Japan Hiroshi Deguchi, Yokohama, Japan Editorial Board Shingo Takahashi, Tokyo, Japan Hajime Kita, Kyoto, Japan Toshiyuki Kaneda, Nagoya, Japan Akira Tokuyasu, Tokyo, Japan Koichiro Hioki, Okayama, Japan Yuji Aruka, Hachioiji, Japan Kenneth Bausch, Riverdale, GA, USA Jim Spohrer, San Jose, CA, USA Wolfgang Hofkirchner, Wien, Austria John Pourdehnad, Philadelphia, PA, USA Mike C. Jackson, Hull, UK Gary S. Metcalf, Atlanta, GA, USA Marja Toivonen, Helsinki, Finland Sachihiko Harashina, Ichikawa, Japan

In 1956, Kenneth Boulding explained the concept of General Systems Theory as a skeleton of science. He describes that it hopes to develop something like a “spectrum” of theories—a system of systems which may perform the function of a “gestalt” in theoretical construction. Such “gestalts” in special fields have been of great value in directing research towards the gaps which they reveal. There were, at that time, other important conceptual frameworks and theories, such as cybernetics. Additional theories and applications developed later, including synergetics, cognitive science, complex adaptive systems, and many others. Some focused on principles within specific domains of knowledge and others crossed areas of knowledge and practice, along the spectrum described by Boulding. Also in 1956, the Society for General Systems Research (now the International Society for the Systems Sciences) was founded. One of the concerns of the founders, even then, was the state of the human condition, and what science could do about it. The present Translational Systems Sciences book series aims at cultivating a new frontier of systems sciences for contributing to the need for practical applications that benefit people. The concept of translational research originally comes from medical science for enhancing human health and well-being. Translational medical research is often labeled as “Bench to Bedside.” It places emphasis on translating the findings in basic research (at bench) more quickly and efficiently into medical practice (at bedside). At the same time, needs and demands from practice drive the development of new and innovative ideas and concepts. In this tightly coupled process it is essential to remove barriers to multi-disciplinary collaboration. The present series attempts to bridge and integrate basic research founded in systems concepts, logic, theories and models with systems practices and methodologies, into a process of systems research. Since both bench and bedside involve diverse stakeholder groups, including researchers, practitioners and users, translational systems science works to create common platforms for language to activate the “bench to bedside” cycle. In order to create a resilient and sustainable society in the twenty-first century, we unquestionably need open socia