Entomopathogenic Fungi: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) have become a significant force in shaping the larger context of insecticides within contemporary insect pest management schemes (Lord 2005; Roy et al., 2006; Khachatourians 2008). Needless to say, as mycologists we need the p
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CONTENTS I. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. Life Cycle and Mass Culturing. . . . . . . . . . . . III. Biochemical Aspects of Disease Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Key Enzymes in Pathogen–Host– Environment Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Proteases and Peptidases . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Chitinases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Lipases and Lipoxygenases . . . . . . . . . 4. DNA Repair Enzymes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Toxins and Pigments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Non-peptide Toxins and Pigments . . . 2. Linear and Cyclic Peptide Toxins . . . . C. Fungal Virulence Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV. Physico-Chemical Aspects of Disease Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Spore Adhesion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Spore Germination–Growth. . . . . . . . . . . C. Growth Within Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. Genetics and Molecular Biology of Disease Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Enzymes and Virulence Factors . . . . . . . B. Molecular Genetic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Cloning and Sequencing of Chromosomal Genes . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Cloning and Sequencing of Mitochondrial Genes . . . . . . . . . . . . C. Molecular Probing into Pathogenicity and Tracking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI. Conclusions and Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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I. Introduction Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) have become a significant force in shaping the larger context of insecticides within contemporary insect pest management schemes (Lord 2005; Roy et al., 2006; Khachatourians 2008). Needless to say, as mycologists we need the perspective and understanding to
1 Bioinsecticide Research Laboratories, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5A8, Saskatchewan, Canada; e-mail: [email protected]
explain the diversity of EPF and their spatial and temporal distribution within the insect ecosystem. In the past decade, the accelerated focus of research and scholarly studies has generated two perspectives: (a) the molecular biology, genomics and proteomics of EPF, and (b) the practical use of EPF in insect pest management schemes. Their value therefore is two-fold, first in the study of microbial pathogenicity and second in their application to the microbial control of phytophagous insects as much as biting and hematophagous insect pest populations. Altogether some 90 genera and 700 species are involved with entomopathogenicity, only a few members of the Entomophthorales and Hyphomycetes have been well studied. In the past decade, major new developments in the realm of application of the knowledge of EPF to insect pest management have been realized (Khachatourians 1996). New developments in genomic and molecular research and serious i
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