Entrepreneurial processes in social contexts: how are they different, if at all?
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Entrepreneurial processes in social contexts: how are they different, if at all? G. T. Lumpkin • Todd W. Moss David M. Gras • Shoko Kato • Alejandro S. Amezcua
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Accepted: 30 November 2010 / Published online: 3 December 2011 Ó Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. 2011
Abstract Scholars have compared and contrasted commercial and social entrepreneurship along a variety of dimensions, suggesting that entrepreneurial antecedents and outcomes differ within a social context. However, little is known about whether entrepreneurial processes differ within social contexts. In this paper, we ask to what extent the antecedents and outcomes that make social entrepreneurship unique influence entrepreneurial processes. Using an inputs–throughputs– outputs framework, we assess the relationship between four antecedents (social mission/motivation, opportunity identification, access to resources/funding, and multiple stakeholders) and three outcomes (social value creation, sustainable solutions, and satisfying multiple stakeholders) to the dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation (innovativeness, proactiveness, risk-taking,
competitive aggressiveness, and autonomy) (Lumpkin and Dess, Acad Manag Rev 21(1):135–172, 1996). Our analysis suggests that many entrepreneurial processes remain essentially the same or are affected only slightly. However, autonomy, competitive aggressiveness, and risk-taking are influenced to some extent by the presence of multiple stakeholders and access to resources/funding. Entrepreneurial processes may also differ when applied to efforts to satisfy multiple stakeholders and achieve sustainable solutions. We subsequently discuss the implications of our analysis for future social entrepreneurship research and practice.
G. T. Lumpkin (&) Whitman School of Management, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA e-mail: [email protected]
JEL Classifications
T. W. Moss Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA e-mail: [email protected] D. M. Gras S. Kato A. S. Amezcua Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA e-mail: [email protected] S. Kato e-mail: [email protected] A. S. Amezcua e-mail: [email protected]
Keywords Social entrepreneurship Entrepreneurial orientation Entrepreneurial processes L26
1 Introduction Interest in social entrepreneurship (SE) research has increased in recent years as evidenced by the numbers of conferences, special issues, and research articles appearing in a wide range of publications (Moss et al. 2010). SE pedagogy has also surged as new courses and centers of study have recently emerged (Bornstein and Davis 2010; Tracey and Jarvis 2007). Along with the increased attention, many of the articles that have
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recently appeared have focused primarily on the definitions of SE and parameters of the domain, or relied on SE case studies to uncover incremental evidence of the phenomenon (Dacin et al. 2010; Short et al. 2009). Few studies, however, have delved into key questions of why and how SE happens; few studies address the mechanics of SE processes.
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