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Edited by

Ranjula Bali Swain

Environmental Challenges in the Baltic Region

Ranjula Bali Swain Editor

Environmental Challenges in the Baltic Region A Perspective from Economics

Editor Ranjula Bali Swain Department of Economics Södertörn University Huddinge, Sweden and Misum Stockholm School of Economics Stockholm, Sweden

ISBN 978-3-319-56006-9 ISBN 978-3-319-56007-6  (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-56007-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017939115 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover illustration: Roc Canals Photography/Getty Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Acknowledgements

No one saves us but ourselves. No one can and no one may. We ourselves must walk the path. Buddha

The Baltic Sea is regarded as the most damaged sea in the world. Some of the major challenges in the Baltic Sea region are its eutrophication (caused by nutrient pollution), hypoxia (low oxygen), hazardous substances, oil spills, invasive species, marine litter and resulting changes in flora and fauna. To discuss some of these challenges, we organized an International Workshop in May 2016, during which the idea for this edited book precipitated. My gratitude and thanks are due to all the contributing authors of this edited volume who also provided stimulating intellectual discussions and inputs during the workshop—Stig Blomskog, Patrik Dinnetz, Katarina Elofsson, Ing-Marie Gren, Kari Lehtilä, Mari Jüssi, Markus Larsson, Helen Poltimäe, Sirje Pädam, Tea Nõmmann and Tomasz Zylicz. For excellent research assistance and support, a special thanks to Dr. Ashim Kar. Thank you Aimee Dibbens and Thom