Enzymatic Remediation of Bisphenol A from Wastewaters: Effects of Biosurfactant, Anionic, Cationic, Nonionic, and Polyme
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Enzymatic Remediation of Bisphenol A from Wastewaters: Effects of Biosurfactant, Anionic, Cationic, Nonionic, and Polymeric Additives Muntathir Alshabib & Sagheer A. Onaizi
Received: 18 May 2020 / Accepted: 29 July 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract One of the limitations compromising the utilization of enzymes for the remediation of phenolic wastewaters is enzyme activity loss during the treatment. Some surface active additives have the potential to protect enzymes and, thus, improve their performance. In this study, the removal of bisphenol A from synthetic wastewater samples by laccase has been studied in the presence of rhamnolipid biosurfactant (RL), p o l y e t h y l e n e g l y c o l ( P E G ) , Tr i t o n X - 1 0 0 , cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS). The results demonstrated that the addition of 1 ppm RL provides the highest removal rate and removal extent of BPA. In the case of PEG and Triton X-100, the results showed that both additives have almost similar positive effects on the enzymatic remediation of BPA. However, unlike RL, the positive effects of PEG and Triton X-100 were appreciable only at higher concentration (i.e., 25 ppm). On the other hand, the addition of the two ionic surfactants (SDBS and CTAB) resulted in a negative effect on the enzyme activity and, thus, the remediation of BPA, demonstrating the undesirable interactions of these ionic surfactants with laccase. The negative effect of the
M. Alshabib : S. A. Onaizi Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31216, Saudi Arabia S. A. Onaizi (*) Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia e-mail: [email protected]
charged additives was more pronounced for the case of the positively charged additive (i.e., CTAB). Keywords Wastewater treatment . Bisphenol A . Laccase enzyme . Rhamnolipid biosurfactant . PEG . Surfactant
1 Introduction Water pollution is one of the most monumental issues that the globe is currently facing. A major source of this pollution is the release of large quantities of phenolic components to the environment. One of the commonly encountered phenols in the generated wastewaters is BPA (Corrales et al. 2015). BPA plays a vital role in a number of industries such as the production of polycarbonates and epoxy resins (Kim and Nicell 2006). Other BPA-containing materials include, but are not limited to, pipe linings, papers, optical lights, plastic packing, and paints (Corrales et al. 2015; Husain and Qayyum 2013). Despite the widespread use of BPA, it is a very harmful wastewater pollutant. In addition to being an endocrine-disrupting compound, it also produces other noxious health effects in humans and other animals. For instance, the exposure to BPA can lead to excessive malfunctions in the hormonal systems (Zdarta et al. 2018), resulting in adverse effects on reproduction organs (Alshabib and Onaizi 2019b). As reported by Canesi and F
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