Establishment of Strength Prediction Equation for Concrete Containing Coal Bottom Ash Exposed to Aggressive Environment
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Establishment of Strength Prediction Equation for Concrete Containing Coal Bottom Ash Exposed to Aggressive Environment Sajjad Ali Mangi 1 & Mohd Haziman Wan Ibrahim 2 & Norwati Jamaluddin 2 & Shabir Hussain Khahro 3 & Shahiron Shahidan 2 Received: 30 June 2020 / Accepted: 26 August 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Strength prediction of concrete under the aggressive environment requires serious attention for all kind of significant concrete structures. However, concrete built with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), when subjected to the aggressive environment tends to deteriorate more rapidly than their projected life. Therefore, supplementary cementitious material (SCM) need to be introduced to enhance the strength performance of concrete. However, prediction of concrete compressive strength is also an important for the safety and quality control of concrete structures. Therefore, this study aims to develop empirical equation for the prediction of compressive strength of coal bottom ash (CBA) concrete exposed to aggressive environment that represents the marine environment. In this study, practically obtained results of compressive strength were compared with the theoretical obtained compressive strength values. The developed modified equation was validated through experimental data compared with ACI 209 and SRPS U.M1.048 standards. Hence, this study proposed a modified empirical equation that could be utilized for the expectation of compressive quality of concrete containing CBA. Keywords Cementitious material . Coal bottom ash . Compressive strength . Prediction of strength . Aggressive environment
1 Introduction Concrete is valuable material in construction and its usage increases the demand of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), which produced pollution in terms of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Whereas, 1 ton of cement production released around 1 ton of CO2 in the atmosphere [1]. Thus for making green, durable and sustainable concrete structures, supplementary cementitious material (SCM) need to be introduced to improve the strength and durability of concrete [2] as shown in Fig. 1, shows that CBA is a waste generated by coal * Mohd Haziman Wan Ibrahim [email protected] 1
Department of Civil Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, SZAB Campus, Khairpur Mirs 66020, Sindh, Pakistan
2
Jamilus Research Center, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
3
College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
based thermal power plants, which occupies more area of land and cement production emitted CO2 emissions in the environment. However, CBA offers great opportunities to be developed as cementitious material. Furthermore, Zhao et al. [3] and Mangi et al. [4] suggested that the strength and durability of concrete can be improved by incorporating fine grinded SCM. It was declared by Okoye et al. [5] that durability of concrete is mainly associated with its ingredient
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