Estimating cardiorespiratory fitness from heart rates both during and after stepping exercise: a validated simple and sa
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Estimating cardiorespiratory fitness from heart rates both during and after stepping exercise: a validated simple and safe procedure for step tests at worksites Tomoaki Matsuo1,2 · Rina So1,2 · Masaya Takahashi2 Received: 2 February 2020 / Accepted: 31 July 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Purpose Step test protocols are typically based on the heart rate (HR) measured either during exercise or during recovery. ̇ 2max ) based on HRs measured This study developed a new step test protocol to estimate maximal oxygen consumption ( VO during and after exercise, assessed the criterion validity of the model, and evaluated the protocol’s test–retest reliability. ̇ 2max from HR measurements made once a minute during 3 min of step exercise and Methods The protocol estimates VO 2 min of recovery. The model was derived using a group of 118 working adults and cross-validated using a second group of ̇ 2max was measured using a conventional treadmill test. While multiple regression analy74 working adults. Furthermore, VO ̇ 2max , intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to examine ses were used to develop prediction equations for VO test–retest reliability. ̇ 2max . The highest correlation (r = − 0.61) Results HRs during and after exercise significantly correlated with the measured VO was for an HR index that combined values of HRs during and after exercise. A model including age, sex, body mass index, ̇ 2max (standard error of the estimate, 4.05 mL kg−1 min−1 and the HR index accounted for 60% of the variance in measured VO ̇ 2max prediction models. The ICC for the HR index or 10.5%). Cross-validation analyses demonstrated good stability of the VO was 0.65 (0.53–0.74), indicating fair to good reliability. Conclusion The HR index, based on a combination of HR measurements during and after stepping exercise, offers a validated ̇ 2max estimation procedure suitable for use in the workplace. VO Keywords Exercise test · Occupational health · Heart rate recovery · Physical fitness Abbreviations BMI Body mass index CE Constant error CI Confidence interval CRF Cardiorespiratory fitness CST Chester step test HR Heart rate ICC Intraclass correlation coefficients Communicated by I. Mark Olfert. * Tomoaki Matsuo matsuo@crf‑res.net 1
Occupational Epidemiology Research Group, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan, 6‑21‑1, Nagao, Tama‑ku, Kawasaki 214‑8585, Japan
Research Center for Overwork-Related Disorders, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan, Kawasaki, Japan
2
JST The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan step test MD Minimal difference PA Physical activity PRESS Predicted residual sum of squares RPE Rating of perceived exertion SEE Standard error of estimate SEM Standard error of the mean TE Total error ̇ 2max Maximal oxygen consumption VO
Introduction Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is a powerful marker of cardiovascular health compared to other established risk facto
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