Estimation and analysis of land surface temperature of Jubail Industrial City, Saudi Arabia, by using remote sensing and
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Estimation and analysis of land surface temperature of Jubail Industrial City, Saudi Arabia, by using remote sensing and GIS technologies Sheik Mujabar 1 & Venkateswara Rao 1 Received: 21 July 2018 / Accepted: 23 November 2018 / Published online: 3 December 2018 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2018
Abstract Land surface temperature (LST) is one of the key parameter used for analyzing the heat energy balance and thermal flux of land surfaces. It is also useful for making urban heat transfer models, water resource management, climate change modeling, and environmental studies. This study is to find the surface temperature of Jubail Industrial City, which is one of the biggest industrial areas in the world. The study also aims to analyze the spatial and temporal variations of LST of the city. Landsat 8 Thermal Infrared Remote Sensor (TIRS) data has been used for this study and the surface temperature has been estimated by using singlechannel (SC) method. The study reveals that the surface temperature is relatively low and ranging from 20 to 30 °C in January. However, the industrial area and some parts of the residential area have more temperature than the rest of the city. During the month of March, the temperature increases gradually and reaches high in June. During the summer, the surface temperature in the residential area of the city is around 40–50 °C. The temperature in the sub urban areas is moderate; however, high temperature (50–55 °C) has been recorded in the industrial area of the city. Significant heat islands of temperature more than 60 °C have also been noted near the iron and steel factories of the industrial area. In the month of September, the land surface temperature in most part of the city is lower than that of peak summer. Keywords Remote sensing . Heat . Environment . Geophysics . Climate change
Introduction Land surface temperature (LST) is defined as the shell temperature of the surface of the earth. LST is also referred to standard surface-air temperature measured by a shielded thermometer 1–2 m above a plane and ventilated earth surface. LST is a good indicator of the energy balance at the surface because it is one of the key parameters in the physics of landsurface processes (Tan et al. 2010; Akhoondzadeh and Saradjian 2008). Wan (1999) stated that the LST combines the results of surface-atmosphere interactions and energy fluxes between the atmosphere and the ground. With satellite technology, another type of LST, satellite-based surface temperature called skin temperature, is becoming available globally (Dickinson 1994). Satellite LST products provide an
* Sheik Mujabar [email protected] 1
Department of General Studies, Jubail Industrial College, Jubail Industrial City 31961, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
estimate of the kinetic temperature of the earth’s surface skin (Becker and Li 1995), i.e., the aggregate surface medium viewed by the sensor to a depth of about 12 μm. Surface temperature is inferred from the thermal emission of the earth surface and is generally some
