Estimation of evaporation from saline water
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Estimation of evaporation from saline water Seyed Mostafa Biazar & Ahmad Fakheri Fard & Vijay P. Singh & Yagob Dinpashoh & Abolfazl Majnooni-Heris
Received: 1 March 2020 / Accepted: 24 September 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Evaporation, as the main source of water loss from closed lakes, makes a significant contribution to the water balance equation of the lake and can lead to changes in the chemical composition thereof. The objective of the study was to develop an equation for estimation of evaporation from the water surface with different depths and concentrations. To that end, 48 barrels were used to model evaporation at 6 different depths and 8 different concentrations of salinity. The experiments have been conducted in the same meteorological condition for all the barrels near the Urmia Lake. Data were collected in March 1, 2019, to Aug 31, 2019. Different equations fitted to data for each concentrations of salinity separately with different depths, and the equations with the least errors were selected. A model S. M. Biazar (*) : A. F. Fard : Y. Dinpashoh : A. Majnooni-Heris Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran e-mail: [email protected]
was then developed for the estimation of evaporation, considering the effect of salinity and depth, and the results were compared with daily measurements. The results were evaluated using the root mean square error (RMSE), correlation coefficient (CC), and NashSutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NS). The results indicated that evaporation (Horizontal row) from water surface with high concentrations of salinity to low concentrations of salinity in different depths had an incremental trend. However, it can be seen in the vertical row that evaporation increased from low depth to high depth, and then decreased at a certain depth (120 cm) while the maximum evaporation rate belonged to 90-cm barrels for each concentration of salinity (in the vertical and horizontal row). At the end, the comparison of evaporation computed from the model and measured data showed that the model estimated evaporation at different depths and concentrations of salinity satisfactorily. Keywords Evaporation . Equation . Different depth . Different Concentration . Saline water
e-mail: [email protected] V. P. Singh Caroline & William N. Lehrer Distinguished Chair in Water Engineering, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, 321 Scoates Hall, 2117 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-2117, USA e-mail: [email protected] V. P. Singh Zachry Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, 321 Scoates Hall, 2117 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-2117, USA
Introduction Many of the world’s saline lakes are shrinking, with the result that bird habitats are being undermined, people living around the lake are suffering from economic losses, and dusty winds are increasing which are threatening people’s health (Wurtsbaugh et al. 2017; Dinpashoh et al. 2019; Khaledian et al. 2020;
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