Estimation of microbiological contamination of maize seeds using isothermal calorimetry
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Estimation of microbiological contamination of maize seeds using isothermal calorimetry Andrzej Skoczowski1 · Sebastian W. Przemieniecki2 · Jakub Oliwa3 · Monika Kula‑Maximenko4 · Magdalena Rys4 · Iwona Stawoska1 · Stanisław Karpiński5 Received: 3 July 2019 / Accepted: 29 June 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The storage of maize seed intended for industrial purposes in foil silo bags is associated with microbiological contamination of the material by bacteria and fungi. This results in the loss of a part of the raw material or its deterioration and causes financial losses. In this paper, the relationship between the number of microorganisms colonizing maize seeds as well as changes in heat flow has been proved. For this purpose, the heat flow and total metabolic heat emission values (total heat) were analyzed. Calorimetric measurements of seed samples were made using the TAM III isothermal calorimeter. The seed samples with the same heat flow curves shape were homogenized, and microbial DNA was isolated from them. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed for detecting the main group of microorganisms colonizing maize seeds. It has been shown that in the case of seeds less affected by Bacillus and fungi (including yeast), the heat flow (in the range of 0–360 min) has a falling shape, while for more infected it grows almost linearly. The more infected maize seeds also show significantly higher values of total heat emission. The described research can be used to quickly assess the degree of seed contamination. Keywords Bacillus spp. · Bacteria · Fungi · Heat flow · Zea mays
Introduction Long-term storage of maize seeds (intended for example for the production of bioethanol) in plastic silo bags creates problems of technological and economic nature. Microbial
* Andrzej Skoczowski [email protected] 1
Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Podchorążych 2, 30‑084 Kraków, Poland
2
Department of Entomology Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 17, 10‑720 Olsztyn, Poland
3
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Sciences, University of Physical Education, Jana Pawła II 78, 31‑571 Kraków, Poland
4
The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30‑239 Kraków, Poland
5
Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Live Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02‑776 Warsaw, Poland
contamination of the material by bacteria and fungi present on the seed coat negatively affects the fermentation processes and deterioration of the quality of the final product (e.g., presence of mycotoxins, ammonia, butyric acid). In addition, the reduction in the technological quality of seeds, and consequently the loss of a part of the raw material, causes significant financial losses. For this reason, monitoring the quality of the biological material taken is very important [1, 2]. Microbiologic
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