Ethnic Differences in Gestational Weight Gain: A Population-Based Cohort Study in Norway
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Ethnic Differences in Gestational Weight Gain: A PopulationBased Cohort Study in Norway Tarja I. Kinnunen1 • Christin W. Waage2,3 • Christine Sommer2,3 Line Sletner4 • Jani Raitanen1,5 • Anne Karen Jenum3,6
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Ó Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016
Abstract Objectives To explore ethnic differences in gestational weight gain (GWG). Methods This was a population-based cohort study conducted in primary care child health clinics in Groruddalen, Oslo, Norway. Participants were healthy pregnant women (n = 632) categorised to six ethnic groups (43 % were Western European women, the reference group). Body weight was measured at 15 and 28 weeks’ gestation on average. Data on pre-pregnancy weight and total GWG until delivery were self-reported. The main method of analysis was linear regression adjusting for age, weeks’ gestation, pre-pregnancy body mass index, education and severe nausea. Results No ethnic differences were observed in GWG by 15 weeks’ gestation. By 28 weeks’ gestation, Eastern European women had gained 2.71 kg (95 % confidence interval, CI 1.10–4.33) and Middle Eastern women 1.32 kg (95 % CI 0.14–2.50) more weight on average than the Western
European women in the fully adjusted model. Among Eastern European women, the total adjusted GWG was 3.47 kg (95 % CI 1.33–5.61) above the reference group. Other ethnic groups (South Asian, East Asian and African) did not differ from the reference group. When including non-smokers (n = 522) only, observed between-group differences increased and Middle Eastern women gained more weight than the reference group by all time points. Conclusions Eastern European and Middle Eastern women had higher GWG on average than Western European women, especially among the non-smokers. Although prevention of excessive GWG is important for all pregnant women, these ethnic groups might need special attention during pregnancy.
& Tarja I. Kinnunen [email protected]
Significance
1
School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland
2
Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
3
Department of General Practice, Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
4
Department of Child and Adolescents Medicine, Akerhus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Oslo, Norway
5
The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
6
Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway
Keywords Ethnicity Pregnancy Gestational weight gain Fat gain Smoking
What is already known? High and low gestational weight gain (GWG) increase risk for adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Ethnic differences in GWG might contribute to ethnic differences observed in some adverse outcomes. The previous evidence on ethnic differences in GWG mainly comes from the USA or Canada. What this study adds? This is the first study focusing on GWG in ethnic minorities in Europe. Eastern European and Middle Eastern women had
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