Evaluating filter properties for urban feature identification from dual-pol SAR images
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Evaluating filter properties for urban feature identification from dual‑pol SAR images Deepak Kumar1 · Aman Kumar1 Received: 18 July 2020 / Accepted: 1 October 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract The microwave region for remote sensing is more capable than the optical region due to its active mode of remote sensing techniques. Active remote sensing is usually an independent remote sensing technique which can operate anytime, and in all weather conditions like rain to provide information about the object. The error propagates or multiplies while we acquire or transform the data into various formats. Radar images face several errors like calibration error, geometric error, speckle noise, and to remove these, some efficient techniques for preprocessing of radar images are required. The speckle noise occurs due to the addition of unwanted echoes from the earth surface, which decreases the quality of the image, which causes difficulty in image interpretation. Moreover, interpretation is the main reason behind describing the key features to extract some valuable information for societal applications. As, speckle noise can destroy edge information, shapes, and tone of the features, therefore, there is a requirement to work on the speckle noise removal to reduce/remove with various techniques for various applications. Keywords Assessment · C-band · Comparative · Evaluation · Sentinel 1A/B · Speckle filters · Urban SAR
Introduction Some time, collection of information in severe weather conditions is difficult and also it is almost unrealistic to ask for inaccessible areas (Lu and Weng 2007). In this regard, remote sensing helps us to get information without being physical contact with the object (Čuček et al. 2012). Furthermore, remote sensing can be broadly divided into three broad techniques, namely optical remote sensing, microwave remote sensing and hyperspectral remote sensing (Aher and Ph 2014). Here, radar is only an example of active remote sensing, which is different from the optical remote sensing or hyperspectral remote sensing techniques. Radar technology for observation of features is different and it provides several prospects for feature detection (Blaschke et al. 2019). Initially, radar technology was developed for military purposes only during World War II. But with the advancement of time and development of technology, application of radar * Deepak Kumar [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Amity Institute of Geoinformatics and Remote Sensing (AIGIRS), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201303, India
technology also expanded to the modern era, and nowadays radar technology is being used for the air and terrain traffic control, air defence system, anti-missile system, marine radar for the ships, weather monitoring, and for other applications. Radar remote sensing utilizes radio waves to detect the feature and used for the detection of aircraft, ships, vehicles, weather information and terrain (Shareef et
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