Evaluation of Acid-Leached Fly Ash as a Pozzolan
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EVALUATION OF ACID-LEACHED FLY ASH AS A POZZOLAN R.T. HEMMINGS,a* E.E. BERRY,b B.J. CORNELIUSa* and D.M. GOLDENC a. Ortech International, Sheridan Park, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5K 1B3 b. Matex Consultants Inc., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L4Z 2G7 c. Electric Power Research Institute, Box 10412, Palo Alto, CA 94303 Received 9 March, 1989; refereed
ABSTRACT Direct acid leaching (DAL) with HCl to recover Al and other metal values from fly ash has been examined extensively by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) under RP2422. Large scale utilization of the solid residues from the DAL-process (DAL-residues) could significantly influence the economics of resource recovery. This paper describes a study of the potential use of DAL-residue as a pozzolan in the concrete industry. Samples of six ashes from a range of coal types were beneficiated to remove magnetic particles and particles larger than 45 gim. The beneficiated fractions were leached with 6M HCl at 105°C to determine metals recovery for Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na, K, and Ti. The corresponding DALresidues were characterized by chemical composition, morphology and mineralogical content, and examined as potential concrete pozzolans by standard ASTM tests. One DAL-residue from a highrank coal was examined more extensively in Portland cement mortars. The greatest yields of Al were from low-rank coal ashes, but were obtained at the 'cost' of substantial salt-cake production and high acid consumption. The DAL-residues from all ash types showed high-Si content: those from high-rank coals being spherical pseudomorphs of the original ash particles, and those from low-rank coals containing substantial quantities of gel-like materials. All of the residues were pozzolanic, but those from low-rank coals caused an unfavorable increase in water demand in mortars. DAL-residues from beneficiated high-rank coal ashes are enhanced pozzolans conforming to standard specification requirements with pozzolanic indices in excess of 100%. INTRODUCTION Fly ashes, as well as numerous heat-treated clays or shales and some finely ground glassy minerals, are well know to act as pozzolans in mixtures with CaO, Ca(OH)2 or Portland cement. A pozzolan is defined by ASTM [1] as: "...a siliceous or siliceous and aluminous material which in itself possesses little or no cementitious value but which will, in finely divided form and in the presence of moisture, chemically react with calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperature to form compounds possessing cementitious properties." Unprocessed fly ash was first used as a pozzolan in concrete in 1937 [2], and has been established commercially for use with Portland cement in concrete since the early 1950s. In 1980, a patent was granted to Dodson (assigned to W.R. Grace and Co.) covering the use of high fly ash contents in high strength concretes of low or very high density [3]. A substantial proportion of the -55-million tons of fly ash produced in the United States each year is employed in concrete construction or with lime, for applications in soil
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