Evaluation of the effect of serum cystatin-C and ACE I/D and ACE G2350A polymorphisms on kidney function among hypertens
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Evaluation of the effect of serum cystatin-C and ACE I/D and ACE G2350A polymorphisms on kidney function among hypertensive sewage workers Mona M. Taha 1 & Eman M. Shahy 1 & Heba Mahdy-Abdallah 1 & Khadiga S. Ibrahim 1
&
Eman M. El Tahlawy 1
Received: 1 April 2020 / Accepted: 20 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Cadmium (Cd) as nephrotoxicant metal exerts its potent effect mainly on renal tubules disturbing its functions. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 55 sewage workers occupationally exposed to Cd and 50 control subjects. The study aimed to assess the effect of low-level Cd exposure on blood pressure and renal function in terms of serum cystatin-C levels. The associations between genetic polymorphisms of ACEI/D and ACE G2350A and hypertension and tubular injury among workers were studied. We analyzed blood and urine Cd concentration (U-Cd), serum cystatin-C, ACE I/D polymorphisms, and ACE G2350A, and blood pressure was measured. Results recorded a significant rise in serum and U-Cd and cystatin-C levels in sewage workers compared with controls. Significant distribution in genotype frequency of ACE I/D and ACE G2350A gene was detected. An association in DD genotype of ACE I/D with a rise in serum and U-Cd was observed in workers. In wild type genotype GG of ACE G2350A gene, a significant rise in serum cystatin-C levels and diastolic pressure was found while in heterozygote genotype GA significant rise in U-Cd levels was detected. Also, the association of AA genotype of ACE G2350A gene with a significant rise in serum and U-Cd and cystatin-C levels was shown among workers compared with control groups. Our findings indicated an association of ACE DD polymorphism in conjugation with GG genotype of ACE2 with hypertension and tubular injury in sewage workers. Keywords Sewage workers . Cd exposure . Kidney functions . ACE genes . Cystatin-C
Introduction
Responsible Editor: Lotfi Aleya * Khadiga S. Ibrahim [email protected] Mona M. Taha [email protected] Eman M. Shahy [email protected] Heba Mahdy-Abdallah [email protected] Eman M. El Tahlawy [email protected] 1
Environmental and Occupational Medicine Department, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Buhouth Street, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
An association between cadmium (Cd) exposure and hypertension development was observed in women especially, but the mechanism of this association is still unexplored (Boonprasert et al. 2018). Previous epidemiologic studies have mentioned that chronic exposure to low levels of Cd may increase hypertension risk mainly in non-smoking women. The pathogenic mechanism which underlies the chronic Cd exposure pressor effect remained unexplained (Boonprasert et al. 2018). Moreover, the most observed Cd exposure effect on the kidney, in the general population, was proximal tubular epithelial cell injury where Cd accumulation was selectively reported (Satarug et al. 2017). Renal tubular cells contain large numbers of mito
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