Evidence supporting the role of telomerase, MMP-9, and SIRT1 in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
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PSYCHIATRY AND PRECLINICAL PSYCHIATRIC STUDIES - ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Evidence supporting the role of telomerase, MMP‑9, and SIRT1 in attention‑deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Ayla Uzun Cicek1 · Cansu Mercan Isik1 · Sevtap Bakir2 · Dilara Ulger2 · Seda Aybuke Sari1 · Deniz Bakir2 · Selim Cam3 Received: 18 March 2020 / Accepted: 14 July 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Growing evidence suggests that telomeres, telomerase, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and SIRT1 (sirtuin1) are involved in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. However, whether these molecules are contributors to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been little explored and poorly understood. This study aimed to determine the potential role of telomerase, MMP-9, and SIRT1 in children with ADHD. The study was performed on 46 children with ADHD aged between 8 and 14 and 43 healthy children matching in age and gender. Children were evaluated by Kiddie-Sads-Present and Lifetime Version, Conners’ Parent Rating Scale-Revised Short Form (CPRS-RS) and Stroop test. Serum telomerase, MMP-9, and SIRT1 levels were measured by a quantitative sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. MMP-9 and telomerase levels were significantly higher and SIRT1 levels were significantly lower in patients with ADHD than those of controls. All three molecules were significantly associated with both the severity of ADHD symptoms and cognitive functions. This is the first attempt to indicate that the important role of telomerase, MMP9, and SIRT1 in ADHD, and the association of all these molecules with the severity of ADHD and cognitive functions, but future studies are required to verify these results. Keywords Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) · Telomerase · SIRT1 · MMP-9 · Cognitive · Child/adolescence
Introduction Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), one of the most common childhood-onset neurodevelopmental conditions, is characterized by developmentally inappropriate levels of persistent inattention, and/or hyperactive–impulsive behavior (American Psychiatric Association (APA) 2013). The worldwide prevalence of ADHD is approximately 5% with a male:female ratio of 2.28:1 (Danielson et al. 2018). The cognitive and behavioral symptoms of ADHD interfere with psychosocial functioning and academic performance * Ayla Uzun Cicek [email protected] 1
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Cumhuriyet University School of Medicine, Yenisehir, Kayseri St, No:43, 58140 Sivas, Turkey
2
Department of Biochemistry, Cumhuriyet University School of Medicine, Sivas 58140, Turkey
3
Dr. Hospital Statistics Unit, Cumhuriyet University School of Medicine, Sivas 58140, Turkey
and are often far-reaching enough to impair quality of life and well-being (Dunn et al. 2019; Leffa et al. 2018). An extensive study has revealed that these children more frequently experience stressful and distressing life events compared to typically developing
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