Evolutionary Computation in Combinatorial Optimization 4th European

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Editorial Board: Takeo Kanade Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Josef Kittler University of Surrey, Guildford, UK Jon M. Kleinberg Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Friedemann Mattern ETH Zurich, Switzerland John C. Mitchell Stanford University, CA, USA Oscar Nierstrasz University of Berne, Switzerland C. Pandu Rangan Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India Bernhard Steffen Dortmund University, Germany Demetri Terzopoulos New York University, NY, USA Doug Tygar University of California at Berkeley, CA, USA Moshe Y. Vardi Rice University, Houston, TX, USA

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Jens Gottlieb G¨unther R. Raidl (Eds.)

Evolutionary Computation in Combinatorial Optimization 4th European Conference, EvoCOP 2004 Coimbra, Portugal, April 5-7, 2004 Proceedings

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Volume Editors Jens Gottlieb SAP AG Neurottstr. 16, 69190 Walldorf, Germany E-mail: [email protected] G¨unther R. Raidl Vienna University of Technology Institute for Computer Graphics and Algorithms Favoritenstraße 9-11/186, 1040 Vienna, Austria E-mail: [email protected]

Coverillustration: "Embrace" by Anargyros Sarafopoulos http://ncca.bournemouth.ac.uk/main/staff/Anargyros/ Anargyros Sarafopoulos is a lecturer in computer animation and visualisation at the National Centre for Computer Animation at Bournemouth University, where he applies genetic programming to the procedural representation of regular textures and images using graph grammars and iterated function systems (IFS)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2004102324

CR Subject Classification (1998): F.1, F.2, G.1.6, G.2.1, G.1 ISSN 0302-9743 ISBN 3-540-21367-8 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springeronline.com c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004  Printed in Germany Typesetting: Camera-ready by author, data conversion by PTP-Berlin, Protago-TeX-Production GmbH Printed on acid-free paper SPIN: 10993279 06/3142 543210

Preface

Evolutionary Computation (EC) involves the study of problem solving and optimization techniques inspired by principles of natural evolution and genetics. EC has been able to draw the attention of an increasing number of researchers and practitioners in several fields. Evolutionary algorithms have in particular been shown to be effective for difficult combinatorial optimization problems appearing in various industrial, economic, and scientific do