Evolutionary concepts in the functional biotics arena: a mini-review

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Evolutionary concepts in the functional biotics arena: a minireview Basavaprabhu H. Nataraj1 • Sonu K. Shivanna2 • Prabha Rao3 • Ravinder Nagpal4 Pradip V. Behare1



Received: 5 June 2020 / Revised: 19 August 2020 / Accepted: 24 August 2020 Ó The Korean Society of Food Science and Technology 2020

Abstract Over the years, the attempts to elucidate the role of beneficial microorganisms in shaping human health are becoming fairly apparent. The functional impact conferred by such microbes is not only transmitted by viable cells or their metabolites but also through non-viable cells. Extensive research to unveil the protective action of such wonder bugs has resulted in categorizing the beneficial microflora and their bioactive metabolites into a variety of functional biotic concepts based on their intended applications in various forms. In the modern era, these are often termed as probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics, next-generation probiotics, psychobiotics, oncobiotics, pharmabiotics, and metabiotics. Currently, the concept of traditional probiotics is being widened to include microbes beyond lactic acid bacteria. Indeed, this diversification has broadened the functional food portfolio from food to pharmaceuticals. In this context, the present review aims to summarize the existing biotic concepts and their differences thereof.

& Pradip V. Behare [email protected]; [email protected] 1

Technofunctional Starters Lab, National Collection of Dairy Cultures (NCDC), Dairy Microbiology Division, ICARNational Dairy Research Insititute, Karnal, Haryana 132001, India

2

Dairy Chemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Insititute, Karnal, Haryana 132001, India

3

Dairy Microbiology Department, Dairy Science College, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560024, India

4

Center for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine and Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27101, USA

Keywords Probiotics  Prebiotics  Synbiotics  Postbiotics  Psychobiotics  Next-generation probiotics  Functional food

Introduction Gut microbiome—the diverse community of trillions of microbes inhabiting our gastrointestinal tract—is often termed as a forgotten organ because of its pivotal role in maintaining the overall health and wellness of the host. Gut microbial eubiosis (homeostatic/balanced microbiome composition) indicates the disease-free state of an individual; however, gut microbial dysbiosis (perturbed microbiome composition) could indicate the onset or existence of several diseases depending on the spectrum of dysbiosis (Glendinning and Free, 2014; Nagpal et al., 2014). Human gut metagenome studies have highlighted the abundance of Firmicutes (including the lactic acid bacteria) and Bacteroidetes phyla in healthy subjects (Zou et al., 2019). In contrast, Firmicutes phylum is often found to be significantly declined in specific disease states, with an abnormally higher proportion of Proteobacteria phylum (Armour et al., 2019) which suggests the pro