Evolutionary relationships of wing venation and wing size and shape in Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Evolutionary relationships of wing venation and wing size and shape in Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Vladimir Žikić 1 & Saša S. Stanković 1 & Andjeljko Petrović 2 & Marijana Ilić Milošević 1 & Željko Tomanović 2 & Christian Peter Klingenberg 3 & Ana Ivanović 2
Received: 17 February 2017 / Accepted: 14 July 2017 # Gesellschaft für Biologische Systematik 2017
Abstract We explored evolutionary changes in wing venation and wing size and shape in Aphidiinae, one of the wellknown groups of parasitic wasps from the family Braconidae. Forewings of 53 species from 12 genera were examined, for which a molecular phylogeny was constructed on the basis of the mitochondrial barcoding gene COI. By covering all types of wing venation within the subfamily Aphidiinae and by using landmark-based geometric morphometrics and Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13127-017-0338-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Vladimir Žikić [email protected]; [email protected] Saša S. Stanković [email protected] Andjeljko Petrović [email protected] Marijana Ilić Milošević [email protected] Željko Tomanović [email protected] Christian Peter Klingenberg [email protected] Ana Ivanović [email protected] 1
Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, Niš 18000, Serbia
2
Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
3
School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
phylogenetic comparative methods, we tested whether evolutionary changes in wing shape correlate to the changes in wing venation and if both changes relate to wing size. The relationship between wing morphology and host specificity has been also investigated. We found that six types of wing venation, with different degree of vein reduction, could be recognized. Wing venation type is largely genus specific, except in the case of maximal reduction of wing venation which could be found across examined Aphidiinae taxa. The reconstruction of evolutionary changes in wing venation indicates that evolutionary changes in wing shape are related to the changes in wing size, indicating that miniaturization play a role in evolution of wing morphology while host specialization does not affect the wing shape within the subfamily Aphidiinae. Keywords Parasitoids . Geometric morphometrics . Host specialization . Miniaturization . Comparative analyses
Introduction The wing venation pattern in braconids is a conspicuous and an important taxonomic trait (e.g. Riegel 1948; van Achterberg 1991) which confers important information when inferring phylogeny (Sharkey and Roy 2002). The reduction in wing venation within braconid wasps is a general evolutionary trend within parasitoid insects and could be associated with miniaturization of body size (Quicke and van Achterberg 1990). Relativ
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