Exhibiting Animals in Nineteenth-Century Britain Empathy, Education,

Exotic animals were coveted commodities in nineteenth-century Britain. Spectators flocked to zoos and menageries to see female lion tamers and hungry hippos. Helen Cowie examines zoos and travelling menageries in the period 1800-1880, using animal exhibit

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Other works by Helen Cowie CONQUERING NATURE IN SPAIN AND ITS EMPIRE, 1750–1850 (2011)

Exhibiting Animals in Nineteenth-Century Britain Empathy, Education, Entertainment Helen Cowie Lecturer in History, University of York, UK

© Helen Cowie 2014 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014 978-1-137-38443-0 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2014 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries ISBN 978-1-349-48090-6 ISBN 978-1-137-38444-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137384447 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

For Daisy, my own little lion

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Contents List of Figures

viii

Acknowledgements

ix

Introduction

1

1

The Lions of London

12

2

Zoo, Community and Civic Pride

31

3

Elephants in the High Street

52

4

Animals, Wholesale and Retail

77

5

Seeing the Elephant

101

6

Cruelty and Compassion

126

7

Dangerous Frolicking

155

8

In the Lions’ Den

179

Conclusion

205

Notes

213

Bibliography

241

Index

251

vii

List of Figures I.1

1.1 1.2 2.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4.1

4.2 5.1 6.1

7.1 7.2 8.1 C.1

View of Lincoln High Street showing a parade of elephants (late 19C/early 20C), from the collections of Lincolnshire County Council Heritage and Library Service Rudolph Ackermann ‘Royal Menagerie, Exeter ‘Change, Strand’ Visitors to London Zoo, 1830–1890 ‘Shooting the elephant “Rajah” at the Liverpool Zoological Gardens’, Illustrated London News, 24 June 1848 Robertson’s Royal Menagerie, 9 Strand, c.1820 ‘Coventry