Exosomes as Diagnostic Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Diseases
Exosomes play important roles in the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases by modulating intercellular communication. Contents and quantities of exosomes are variable under different pathological cardiovascular conditions. Based on these
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Exosomes as Diagnostic Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Diseases Felix Jansen and Qian Li
4.1 R ole and Function of Exosomes in Cardiovascular Biology Exosomes are a subgroup of extracellular vesicles (EVs), generally ranging from 40 to 100 nm in diameter [1]. They are derived from exocytosis, through fusion of multivesicular bodies with cell membranes [1, 2]. Exosomes mediate intercellular communication by transporting biological molecules to recipient cells, playing vital roles in the regulation of vascular health [3]. Contents and quantities of exosomes are variable under different conditions and detectable in body fluids [3]. Therefore, circulating exosomes and their molecule cargos such as nucleic acids or proteins, may facilitate the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. Firstly, we summarize the current knowledge about the role and function of exosomes in cardiovascular biology.
4.1.1 Exosomes Participate in Cell-to-Cell Communication Many types of cardiac cells are able to release exosomes, such as cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) and even stem cells. Numerous studies suggest that exosomes play important roles in cardiac cell-cell communication under physical and pathological conditions [1, 2]. Exosome-mediated cellular cross-talk relies on their capability to transport biomolecules from cell to cell [3]. Felix Jansen and Qian Li contributed equally to this work. F. Jansen (*) • Q. Li Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017 J. Xiao, S. Cretoiu (eds.), Exosomes in Cardiovascular Diseases, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 998, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-4397-0_4
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Exosomes carry biological cargos derived from their parent cells including mRNA, microRNA (miRNA), other non-coding RNA, DNA, cytoplasmic and membrane proteins, growth factors, cytokines, lipids and others [4, 5]. After released from the cells of origin, exosomes can be taken up by adjacent or even distant cells [1, 4]. Previous studies have shown that the intercellular transfer of functional biomolecules via exosomes affects function and phenotype of the recipient cell [6]. For example, miRNA from exosomes control gene expression by binding to mRNA in the target cells inducing mRNA degradation [7]. In this context, a recent study reported that exosomes derived from CPCs reduced cardiac hypertrophy and cardiomyocyte apoptosis via exosome based miRNA-133-transfer from CPCs to cardiomyocytes [8]. Endothelial exosomes were shown to transfer miRNA-214 to target cells and mediate angiogenesis [9]. MiRNA-133 in exosomes from CPCs reduced cardiac hypertrophy and cardiomyocyte apoptosis [8]. Another exosomal miRNA derived from CPCs, miRNA-451, was demonstrated to protect cardiomyocytes from oxidative stress [10]. Also, miRNA-143/145 in EVs were reported to deliver atheroprotective messages to smooth muscle cells [11]. Moreo
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