Experimental and CFD Simulation Studies on the Free Surface Flow Behavior and Development in a Liquid Metal Windowless T
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EXPERIMENTAL AND CFD SIMULATION STUDIES ON THE FREE SURFACE FLOW BEHAVIOR AND DEVELOPMENT IN A LIQUID METAL WINDOWLESS TARGET W.-F. Yanga,b,∗ , W.-P. Denga , and X.-Y. Zhanga,b
UDC 621.3; 539.1
Abstract: A spallation target is one of the key components of the accelerator driven system. A liquid metal windowless target is an advanced type of a spallation target and has great application prospects. In this study, the free surface flow behavior and development in a scaled-down liquid metal windowless target are investigated in experiments and simulations. The experiments are carried out based on a liquid gallium experimental loop. The CFD simulations are performed based on a three-dimensional target model by using ANSYS CFX. The main working parameters of the target are measured through experiments and then set as the boundary conditions for simulations. The simulated values of the free surface height are in good agreement with the experimental data. The free surface height gradually decreases with an increase in the inlet flow rate and with a decrease in the outlet pressure. The simulation results reveal that a flow stagnation zone presenting large eddies and a reverse flow are formed below the outlet of the inner tube. Keywords: accelerator driven system, liquid metal, windowless target, free surface, stagnation zone. DOI: 10.1134/S0021894420030128 INTRODUCTION In order to achieve the long-term use of nuclear energy, the effective disposal of spent fuel and nuclear waste generated by nuclear power plants is very crucial to reduce the potential risks of high-activity and long-lived nuclides [1]. Currently, the accelerator driven system (ADS) is an internationally recognized technical solution for handling nuclear wastes. It is also the core component of the future accelerator driven advanced nuclear energy system (ADANES) [2]. The ADS mainly includes three subsystems: intense beam proton accelerator, high-power spallation target, and subcritical reactor. In the ADS, the subcritical reactor is driven and maintained in normal operation to transmute nuclear wastes by exogenous spallation neutrons which are generated by a proton beam bombarding a heavy metal target. Therefore, the ADS possesses inherent security [3]. The spallation target is one of the key components of the ADS for coupling the accelerator and reactor, which can determine the power level of the integrated system. In the past few decades, liquid targets (windowed and windowless) have been widely studied. The liquid metal acts both as a target material for the spallation reaction and as a cooling medium [4]. As there is no restriction of the window material, a liquid metal windowless target is a more advanced candidate with great application prospects. a
Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000 China; ∗ [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]. b School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049 China. Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fiz
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