Experimental tests for a liquid-liquid critical point in water
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. Invited Review .
December 2020 Vol. 63 No. 12: 127001 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11433-020-1585-7
Experimental tests for a liquid-liquid critical point in water Domenico Mallamace1, Carmelo Corsaro2, Francesco Mallamace3,4* , and H. Eugene Stanley5 1 Department
ChiBioFarAm (Industrial Chemistry), University of Messina, ERIC and CASPE/INSTM, Messina 98166, Italy; 2 Dipartimento MIFT, Universit` a di Messina, Messina 98166, Italy; 3 Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA 02139, USA; 4 Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi (ISC)-CNR, Rome 00185, Italy; 5 Center for Polymer Studies and Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston MA 02215, USA Received February 17, 2020; accepted June 1, 2020; published online October 26, 2020
Water is a fascinating material. Its composition is simple—one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms—but its chemistry and physics are extremely complex and exhibit 75 documented anomalies. Although these anomalies and their molecular origin are not completely understood, we know that hydrogen bonds play key roles in all of the phases of water. Moreover, there is experimental evidence that the polymorphism of the ice structure extends into the liquid phase and is associated with a liquid-liquid coexistence line. This is currently a topic of great interest in water research because there are indications that the end point of the coexistence line corresponds to a second critical point inside the supercooled liquid regime. We examine the recent progress in understanding water anomalies and the liquid-liquid phase transition hypothesis, including the results of recent experimental work and molecular simulations of both bulk and confined water. We examine experimental results that test whether the behavior of liquid water is consistent with the “liquid polymorphism” hypothesis that liquid water can exist in two distinct phases of differing densities. We also examine recent research on the anomalies of nanoconfined water and, in particular, on water in biological environments. We find that the concept of liquid polymorphism can also describe the properties of other liquids that have two characteristic length scales. hydrophobic-hydrophilic interactions, water systems, thermal properties PACS number(s): 05.70.Fh, 05.70.Jk, 65.20.+w Citation:
D. Mallamace, C. Corsaro, F. Mallamace, and H. E. Stanley, Experimental tests for a liquid-liquid critical point in water, Sci. China-Phys. Mech. Astron. 63, 127001 (2020), https://doi.org/10.1007/s11433-020-1585-7
1 Opening remarks Water is of crucial importance in nature and in all life processes. It is also one of the most complex liquids, and it exhibits many well-known anomalous thermodynamic behaviors. Here we introduce the most important of these specificities and examine recent progress in understanding them *Corresponding author (email: [email protected])
on the molecular level. To do this we combine information gained from theoretical models, from experimentation, and from simulations perfor
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