Exploration of acute toxicity, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-pyretic activities of the black tunicate, Phallusi
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Exploration of acute toxicity, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-pyretic activities of the black tunicate, Phallusia nigra (Savigny, 1816) using mice model Mohamed Hussain Syed 1
&
Ananthan Gnanakkan 2 & Sivaperumal Pitchiah 3
Received: 9 March 2020 / Accepted: 21 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Among marine animals, ascidians represent the most highly evolved group for marine natural products having rich source of bioactive secondary metabolites with promising potential biomedical applications. In this study, an analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-pyretic activities of Phallusia nigra were performed. The acute toxicity (LD50) was calculated, and the intraperitoneal route was estimated to be 235.09, 252.90, and 295.59 mg/kg with 95% confidence limits for methanolic extract (ME), acetonitrile extract (ANE), and acetone extract (AE) respectively. Histopathological observations revealed the toxic effects of different crude extracts of P. nigra, which were more analogous on the organs such as the lungs, liver, and kidneys of the test animals. Analgesic response of acetonitrile fraction II (ANF2) was higher than all the crude extracts as well as the fractions tested, and it was very low in acetone fraction I (AF1). In addition to that, different extracts and their fractions obtained from P. nigra was potential to reduce the edema induced by carrageenan (500 μg/ paw) in a duration dependent manner. Our study again proves that compounds isolated from lower forms (ascidians) showed tremendous effects in mice without any deleterious effect generally provoked during chemical drug treatments. Keywords Ascidians . Analgesic . Acute toxicity . Anti-inflammatory . Anti-pyretic . Albino mice
Introduction Biotoxins considered as an incredible product with wide ranges of molecular constituents which showed specific beneficial effects even in minute quantities. Usually, biotoxins showed very precise effects which can be efficiently used to develop potential drugs (Tu 1988). The bistratene B obtained from ascidians showed toxicity on carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo to mice, whereas mortalities were due to respiratory
Responsible editor: Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim * Mohamed Hussain Syed [email protected] 1
P.G. and Research Department of Zoology, Jamal Mohamed College (Autonomous), Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620020, India
2
CAS in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu 608502, India
3
Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
failure. Marine invertebrate has various kinds of therapeutically bioactive compounds (Sharmin et al. 2017) which showed potential results on various ailment treatments (Lee et al. 2014). From ascidians, high toxic compounds were isolated which has the ability to change resting membrane potential, nor development of
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