Exploring Personalised Autonomous Vehicles to Influence User Trust
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Exploring Personalised Autonomous Vehicles to Influence User Trust Xu Sun 1 & Jingpeng Li 2
&
Pinyan Tang 1 & Siyuan Zhou 1 & Xiangjun Peng 1 & Hao Nan Li 3 & Qingfeng Wang 4
Received: 15 January 2020 / Accepted: 23 July 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Trust is a major determinant of acceptance of an autonomous vehicle (AV), and a lack of appropriate trust could prevent drivers and society in general from taking advantage of such technology. This paper makes a new attempt to explore the effects of personalised AVs as a novel approach to the cognitive underpinnings of drivers’ trust in AVs. The personalised AV system is able to identify the driving behaviours of users and thus adapt the driving style of the AV accordingly. A prototype of a personalised AV was designed and evaluated in a lab-based experimental study of 36 human drivers, which investigated the impact of the personalised AV on user trust when compared with manual human driving and non-personalised AVs. The findings show that a personalised AV appears to be significantly more reliable through accepting and understanding each driver’s behaviour, which could thereby increase a user’s willingness to trust the system. Furthermore, a personalised AV brings a sense of familiarity by making the system more recognisable and easier for users to estimate the quality of the automated system. Personalisation parameters were also explored and discussed to support the design of AV systems to be more socially acceptable and trustworthy. Keywords Autonomous vehicle . Driving characteristics . Driving style . Personalisation . Trust . User experience . User study . Human factors
Introduction Autonomous vehicles (AVs), which can sense their surroundings and navigate without human intervention, are expected to account for 75% of vehicles on the road by 2040 [67]. AVs are changing the way we drive and how we experience driving. They assist drivers in demanding tasks and improve road safety, but they also enhance mobility for users of all generations, especially for ageing populations [31]. Even with the rapid pace of technological advancement in AV, any autonomy remains a staged process which takes place over a period of time [53]. The Society of Automotive Engineering (SAE)
* Jingpeng Li [email protected] 1
Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, China
2
Division of Computing Science and Mathematics, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
3
School of Aerospace, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, China
4
Nottingham University Business School China, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, China
categorised six levels of autonomy in a vehicle, whereby the human driver monitors the driving environment from L0 to L2, while the automated driving system monitors the driving environment from L3 to L5 [54]. Many research articles have been published describing the technological advancement of AVs [11], and while considerable effort has been placed on developing such technology, there is a
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