Extracellular Vesicles in HIV, Drug Abuse, and Drug Delivery
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Extracellular Vesicles in HIV, Drug Abuse, and Drug Delivery Santosh Kumar 1 & Nazira El-Hage 2 & Elena Batrakova 3 Received: 10 July 2020 / Accepted: 15 July 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are known to perform important biological functions and have been implicated in multiple disease pathogeneses, including HIV and drugs of abuse. EVs can carry biological molecules via biofluids such as plasma and cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) from healthy or disease organs to distant organs and deliver biomolecules to recipient cells that subsequently alter the physiology of the recipient organs. As biocarriers, EVs have the potential to be developed as non-invasive biomarkers for disease pathogenesis and drug abuse, as the level of specific EV components can be altered under disease/drug abuse conditions. Since many drugs don’t cross the blood-brain barrier, EVs have shown the potential to encapsulate small drug molecules, including nucleotides, and carry these drugs to brain cells and enhance brain drug bioavailability. Through this special issue, we have covered several studies related to the role of EVs in altering biological functions via cell-cell interactions in healthy, HIV, and drug of abuse conditions. We have also included studies on the role of EVs as potential biomarkers for HIV pathogenesis and drugs of abuse. Further, the potential role of EVs in drug delivery in the CNS for diseases, including HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders and other neurological disorders, are covered in this issue. Keywords Extracellular Vesicles . HIV . Drug abuse . Drug delivery . HAND . Biomarkers
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), especially exosomes, are nanovesicles that have been recognized as valuable targets for biological research. Although EVs were first isolated and characterized in the late 1980s, their potential in biological research was not realized until a decade ago. EVs are produced by most cell types and are secreted into biofluids such as plasma, cerebrospinal fluids (CSF), and saliva, and transport their molecular cargos between diverse cell types at distant organs via these fluids. These qualities make them key mediators in intercellular communication both in healthy, disease, and other conditions, e.g. drug abuse. Based on the triggers and physiological conditions of the cells/organs, EVs * Santosh Kumar [email protected] 1
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Ave, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
2
Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
3
Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
may carry toxic or protective components, which upon delivering to the recipient cells/organs, may cause cytotoxicity/ organ damage or cellular/organ protection, respectively. The s
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