FABRICATION OF CERAMIC, HOLLOW-FIBER MEMBRANE: THE EFFECT OF BAUXITE CONTENT AND SINTERING TEMPERATURE
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FABRICATION OF CERAMIC, HOLLOW-FIBER MEMBRANE: THE EFFECT OF BAUXITE CONTENT AND SINTERING TEMPERATURE NURUL JANNAH ISMAIL1, MOHD HAFIZ DZARFAN OTHMAN1 *, SURIANI ABU BAKAR2, JUHANA JAAFAR1, AND MUKHLIS A RAHMAN1 1
Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia 2 Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 35900 Tanjung Malim, Perak, Malaysia
Abstract—The negative effects of dye-contaminated wastewater on humans and the environment are well known, so the wastewater must be treated carefully before discharge into the environment. To overcome those impacts, the search for environmentally friendly and low-cost materials is essential, especially in developing countries The objective of the present study was to determine the feasibility of using bauxite from Malaysia as a new and efficient ceramic, hollow-fiber membrane for the degradation of reactive dyes in wastewater. A porous, hollow-fiber membrane was fabricated from bauxite (BHFM) using a phase-inversion technique, followed by sintering at various temperatures. The BHFM consisted of two types of voids, having either a finger-like or a sponge-like structure. As the sintering temperature was increased, the porosity of the BHFM decreased from 46.5 to 9.5%. The greatest mechanical strength of 308.1 MPa was achieved when the BHFM was loaded with 55 wt.% of bauxite and sintered at 1450°C. The remaining 45 wt.% consisted of solvent, polymer binder, and dispersant. The BHFM functioned well as a membrane for microfiltration and a support membrane for ultrafiltration. BHFM with loading of 45 wt.%, 50 wt.%, and 55 wt.% successfully eliminated 90%, 94%, and 98% of 10 ppm reactive dye (RB5) when sintered at the highest temperature. Keywords—Bauxite . Hollow-fiber membrane . Mechanical properties . Sintering temperature . Ultrafiltration INTRODUCTION Ceramic, porous membranes have received significant attention recently due to their flexural structure, thermal stability, and good wettability. This type of membrane has become important in membrane reactors, absorbers, and bioceramics as well as in catalyst supports. Limitations in terms of the mechanical, thermal, and chemical resistance properties of polymeric membranes have led to emphasis on the utilization of ceramic membranes. These types of membranes are often relatively well defined, have a narrow pore-size distribution, and have significant porosity which allow a high water flux, superior layer separation, and high mechanical stability so they can be used under elevated applied pressures and in harsh chemical and thermal conditions. These characteristics extend their operational lifetime. Moreover, their hydrophobicity results in a greater flux at low pressures (Ma et al. 2010). The main drawbacks of ceramic membranes, however, has been the high cost of raw materials and the amount of energy required for the sintering
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